Consumer Packaged Goods In The Following Six Segments Marketing Essay

Consumer Packaged Goods In The Following Six Segments Marketing EssayProcter and Gamble is a globose multinational association, headquartered in Cincinnati Ohio Proctor and Gamble Wikipedia 2012. It manu eventures through with(predicate) internal and triplet party manufacturers (3PM) consumer packaged goods in the following six instalments (Beauty, Grooming, Health accusation, Pet carry off, textile and home perplexity, Baby family c atomic number 18) as per its 2011 Annual report.Closely linked to its authorized harvest portfolio of reapings, PGs vision is Be, and be recognized as, the shell consumer carrefours and services federation in the world whereas its mission statement is We pass on provide mark crops and services of superior superior and value that improve the lives of the worlds consumers. As a result, consumers will reward us with asteriskershiphip sales, benefit and value creation, onlyowing our state, our sh arholders, and the communities in whic h we live and organize to prosper. (PG Annual Report)It was non provided until 2011 that the Pringles marking was low the PG umbrella. PG sells a myriad of products with multiple segments, tar enamor consumers and specific positioning. It is so attend boggling that it could cathode-ray oscilloscope from a Duracell battery to SKII a insurance premium skin c atomic number 18 product manufactured in Japan. In Australia, a bottle of 75ml facial treatment essence- wizard of its more dash offular SKUs sells for AUD100.The beauty segment offers cosmetics, womanly antiperspirant and deodorant, fe staminate personal fair(a)sing, female s subscribe c ar, fuzz care, h snap color, hair styling, pharmacy channel, prestige products, salon professional, and skin care products. The Grooming segment provides electronic hair removal devices, home small appliances, male blades and razors, and male personal care. The Health Care segment comprises feminine care, gastrointestinal, incontinen ce, rapid diagnostics, respiratory, besidesthbrush, besidesth knightlye, piss filtration, and an otherwise(a)(prenominal) oral care. The Pet Care segment offers pet care products. The Fabric Care and Home Care segment involves washout additives, air care, batteries, dish care, fabric enhancers, laundry purifyings, and surface care products. The Baby Care and Family Care segment consists of baby wipes, diapers, paper towels, tissues, and weed papers products. (PG Profile, yokel Finance)PGs vision of the beat out consumer products and services company in the world seems pragmatic and happen uponable as its consistently ranked as one of the as one of the Most Admired Companies in the Fortune rank (CNN Money, sphere proficient to the highest degree admired companies) earning blossom spot in the consumer products industry and No 9 overall on the 2012 list. Over the recent familys, PG has consistently realise the top spot within the Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG) indus try man ranking in the top 10 of the overall list. Whereas PGs mission statement is in tandem with its actions as its currently the CPG in the world mingyd on sales r frankincense farues and underwrites to strive for sustainability in its business actions.It is currently the worlds badst trainr of sept and personal products by revenue standing at USD82billion for 2011. PGs products collide with 4 billion citizenry worldwide and accept 22 brands with over USD1billion in annual sales with another 19 brands generating over USD500 million in sales. The USD1billion brands include Tide, Pampers, Gillette, Pantene, Bounty, viva voce B etc.With trade spend of well-nigh $10 billion a year on TV, print and online advertizement, PG is the worlds largest foodstuffer. (PG ad spending hits $9.3 billion, Marketwatch 2012) However, the company has recently sight the benefits of cost stiff fond and digital media and is gradually gaining traction in that arena which is mostly they r eckon was more cost effective and equally efficient as compared to traditionalistic media.In the competitive Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) industry, PGs brands are important to the company. It has worn out(p) a great deal of time and money to establish its brand image by reading superior products through extensive explore Development (RD), innovative packaging, ensuring its on ledge availability and backing it with act integrated food marketing communications and reliable service. However, the company seems to suffer from the fame of its company rather than its brands as compared to say its close challenger Unilever. Many people do not know of the company Unilever still have comprehend of its brands similar Lipton, Magnum, Dove, Knorr etc. Whereas for PG, more people have strong associations and identification of the company scarce when you ask people to mention its billion dollar brands, people normal stumble over that.Because of the competitive landscape, PG is takes the initiative to reach out to the voice of the consumer through multiple consumer insight activities. They have realized that at the heart of their success will be a roaring marketing schema. PGs products are base on a sound apprehensiveness of who their customers are. This of course doesnt imply that the company manufactures products to meet the whims and fancies of every consumer. However, PG aggressively exploits opportunities in the market to their advantage and are continuously vigilant in the observe of those opportunities. Customer knowledge is thus important to PG which studies twain(prenominal) end consumers and consider partners through continuous market look and intelligence gathering. As induction of their commitment, PG currently spends more than $100 million no small veer on over 10,000 formal consumer investigate projects annually and generates more than 3 million consumer contacts via its email and phone center. It also emphasizes getting it s marketers and interrogationers out into the field, where they sack interact with consumers and retailers face to face in their natural environment. (PG kisses up to the boss, advertisement Age)PGs market oriented dodge continues to play a vital procedure in the company with the economical d give birthturn and the onslaught of private enounce brands and consumers increasing demanding low impairment and good quality products. At this moment, PG brands lock dominate the premium end of most of the categories in which they compete in and while their aspirational qualities resonate with consumers, PG will have to stay at the top of the game in the fickle consumer goods market.Issue 2 PGs leading market position (Top 3) in almost all its categories provides it with signifi dopet competitive advantage. However, with the economic slowdown and consumers starting to penny pinch, it is increasing difficult for branded product manufacturers interchangeable PG to maintain their sales tidy sum and revenue proceeds while preventing discounting which dilutes brand image.Looking at the SWOT Analysis (Datamonitor), we can range the current PG positionStrengthsStrong RD and invention culture. Spends more than twice on RD compared to its nearest rival Unilever.Leading market position in most categoriesDiversified Product PortfolioStrong brand portfolio- 24 USD1 billion brands.Weaknessesincrease instance of product render thus implication of poorer manufacturing quality hooked on Walmart and few other major retailers for majority of its revenuesToo many products, easily to get overextended, fight for capital amongst brandsOpportunitiesExpansion in underdeveloped and emerging markets in Brazil, Russia, India china(BRIC) Mexico, In makesia, South Africa, Tur keystone(MIST)Future growth plans and new segmentsThreats restrictive environmentSlowing global economic conditionsRaw material orbitual pricesCounterfeit goods or rip offs of innovation by Chinese manufacture rs other contenders like Unilever, Reckitt Benckiser (RB)Essentially PG is its own competitor. Its strength of having such a alter product portfolio is also its weakness because with so many products, its easy for PG trouble to get distracted, what more so its consumers who might be conf employ with too many choices. matchless of its main weaknesses is over-reliance on Walmart for majority of revenues. To increase diffusion choices, PG could consider selling via its own website considering the popularity of ecommerce. Although, since this is not its core competency, it might not be a feasible strategy with some market look and feasibility studies. Its main external threats are controlling its cost base and also stiff emulation between other FMCG giants. To control alternating(prenominal) lovesome material prices, PG could work out long term deals with rude(prenominal) material prices and it postulate to focus on improving its value propose to its customers to prevent pri ce wars.Customers PGs customer base is unique. Because not only would PGs customers include those in the modern and traditional trade. They also encompass the end consumers both you and me.Modern trade refers to retailing at large format put ins whereas command trade refers to retailing at the thousands of independent retail, wholesale and mom and pop entrepots. Some examples of its customer would include Walmart, Carrefour and Tesco who are more overabundant and dominant in the developed world. Whereas, the smaller mom and pop stores are the distri only whenion channels of choice in growth economies like India or Mexico where consumers buy sachets worth a few cents with higher frequency than a large retail store.PGs biggest customer is Walmart, contributing more than 16% or revenue in 2011 down from 20% in the early 2000s.(Wikinvest) In this case, customer power with Walmart is very strong and PG normally has to concede to Walmarts necessitate for certain promotions or price discounts. At this moment, PG has not yet discovered any alternative to Walmart and might have to yield to their demands. On the other hand, PG could use this to their advantage, using the judo move and utilizing the clout of Walmart and sell more products with sustainable profits.In legal injury of end consumers, end consumers are fickle and are subjected to mins of Truth. The best known is the First moment of Truth (FMOT), coined by PG where in just 3-7 seconds, a shopper encounters a product on the store shelf and decides in those short moments whether to buy it. If the consumer does not find the product, she moves on to a competitors product. There is basically little consumer liegety when it comes to soap and shampoo.The Second Moment of Truth (SMOT), is the moment when a consumer uses the product and is another powerful marketing opportunity but it is harder for the manufacturer to control because this is when the consumer uses the Pantene shampoo and decides whether she l ikes the texture, sniff out or after results of the shampoo.Then it progresses to the Zero Moment of Truth (ZMOT) where consumers are press release online using blogs, facebook or twitter to find inspiration for their own looks and get tips and tricks from experts or take cues from a favorite celebrity.Because of this progression and the influence of the mesh of consumer behaviors, PG has started to re-evaluate the brands true FMOT and is looking to set up to focus on the notion of store back which mingys that ad agencies need to start formulating ideas at the retail store, working backwards to outside the store. This also means that marketers need work on their pull marketing strategies which gets demand forecast from consumers, not only the traditional push strategies and find ways to match the two. PG puts on its antecedence list the sizeableness that the end consumer evermore has a consistent and lordly experience from ZMOT to point of purchase and beyond, and has str ived to get in front of the consumer with the adept brand message upstream in the puzzle out of discovery and to continue staying there.Collaborators PG has many collaborators. They would include direct and indirect material vendors like raw material suppliers, advertising agencies, marketing research firms, independent product exam laboratories, logistics partners, communication companies, banks and financial institutions, travel agencies and hotels etc.Of special mention would be its supply chain partners which would include warehousing, transportation, software providers and carriers as PG has one of the worlds best supply chain. In the 2012 survey, it taked in the Top 5 just shtup Apple, Amazon, McDonalds and Dell. PG has showcased its ability to make efficient decisions crosswise the supply network. It is a consistent challenge to ensure the right hand forecast demand and that shelves are filled, but PG has managed to find the right balance. With its best in class, open i nnovation platform, combined with an impressive new product operational capability that synchronised with its clockwork run supply chain, it taps a deep well of sagacity its consumers, aligning to their ZMOT and FMOT, to continue to deliver new products on time and on demand. (The Gartner Supply Chain Top 25 2012)In outrank for all cogs to move in sync, PG has to maintain a win-win partnership with its collaborators to create sustainable competitive advantages.Competitors Due to PGs diverse product range, there is no one for one direct competitor with this behemoth. Some of PGs competitors include other FMCG multinationals like Unilever, Clorox, Kimberly Clark, Johnson Johnson (consumer division) and also Japanese FMCG companies like Kao, Lion etc. It faces strong competition from its competitors and has to constantly innovate, cut cost to maintain its position as the market leader. Its closest competitor would be the Anglo Dutch company Unilever but even then, Unilevers sales r evenue is only half(a) of PGs. PG also possess a higher operating margin than its competitors at 20.3% versus Unilever at 14.8% in the year 2010.Although PG has many competitors, it has established itself as a market leader and is thus well positioned to ward off competition or make required acquisitions of smaller companies. Its last notable acquisition was in 2005 of Gillette, forming the largest consumer goods company in the world and placing Unilever in second place. This added brands such as Gillette, Duracell, Braun and Oral B to their stable.Therefore, for new start ups to the consumer goods industry, they would find the barriers to entry pretty high. Whereas for the lively competitors like Unilever, Colgate Palmolive, they have to continue to play the catch up game, in ground of market distribute.Context A PESTLE analysis will be conducted to attend the current situation for PG in the global market. governmental With local operations in more than a hundred countries, b ased in divers(prenominal) time zones and continents, PG has to manage the complexity of diametrical political regimes, rules and regulations and political trends influencing its business operations. On one hand, PG has to align and thrive to the changing political pressures in different nations, yet on the other hand, receivable to its dental plate and size, it plays integral roles to cooperate and affect local government insurance with its clout and manufacturing size. Therefore, It has considerable clout out-of-pocket to its ability to move and alternate hundreds of jobs out of a country.Economic The world economy is having shorter cyclical patterns and PG is sightedness market share stagnant or decline in the developed areas like US and Europe. However, world demand is forecasted to grow in the abutting few years due to growing populations and development of economies in the developing continents like Latin America and Asia. Due to the different nuances and different ethnical and consumer habits, PG has to be attuned to the changes in order to continue to grow and thrive and it must take note that developments in the different markets and nations will cause an left over(p) growth situation in different regions. It might thus have to focus its marketing firepower on previously neglected upon nations.Social PG has to place great attention and importance to the different loving norms when expanding overseas due to various cultural backgrounds in different market in order not to step on any taboo landmines. For instance, due to the changing masculinity trends, we have the advent of the metrosexual and the demand for men grooming is seen as a growth area for the FMCG market. Or for example, due to the increasing political campaign towards being socially responsible, PG take to source its raw materials like tomatoes or palm oil from sustainable sources or face wrath from watchdogs like Greenpeace of other tree huggers. Because of this sustainabil ity trend, PG has committed to developing USD50billion worth of products that have a sustainable impact.Technological As the overall market of fast piteous consumer products is very large and diversified, PG has invested significantly to gain technological advantage in order to maintain and expand its market position. As a result, engineering investment in product formulation, packaging, product design is heavy and development is fast. PG has its own RD function reporting directly to the chief operating officer and based on 2010 numbers PG invested nearly USD2billion in RD up from USD1.95 billion in 2008. effective PG has to obey and comply with different legal and tax requirements on its products, manufacturing process and business operations. With the rising prices in commodities, FMCG companies would like to raise prices but are contained by certain price ceilings by governments and thus PG has to battle with price ceilings yet remain profitable. For example, it tried and true to raise prices but suffered mandated price cuts in Venezuela and import curbs in Argentina.Ethical Because personal products are daily essentials, the quality and safety of the products are extremely important for the brands. Any scandals or rumors slightly the product can lead to significant and unconceivable damage on the image. For eg the recall in 2011 for their Oral B products due to Microbial contamination in Canada, China, Chile, Columbia and Mexico caused dissatisfaction amongst consumers in the way that it was handled where in China consumers who wanted a refund had to send the empty product bottles, receipt and a transcript of their bank account passbooks to the companys Guangzhou office which caused ire amongst the consumers as it was unreasonable for consumers to hold on the bottle after they consumed the mouth wash.Issue 3 PGs former CEO A.G Lafley who retired in 2010 coined a strong and simple message that the Consumer is Boss and PG followed his mantra and tried to get the true opinion of its consumers with the belief that the closer they get to the customers, the rectify it was for them. (Innovation Machine PG 1 Billion $ for Consumer Insights. 2012.)PG spends more than USD400 million annual in external consumer insight activities. In those activities, they touch base with more than 5 million consumers spanning 100 countries. They also conduct over 20,000 individual research studies every year, all this time and money spent is to look the consumer a little bit more better to better identify opportunities for segmentation, product innovation and how to create a better overall service speech communication to the consumers. (PG.com Core strengths)Apart from external sources, one famous platform that is created in-house by PG is TREMOR in 2001 under which it created the website www.vocalpoint.com which is a website for a community of mums to share knowledge and exchange opinions. Tremor is the word of mouth marketing brass developed by Proct er Gamble that combines PGs wide-ranging marketing expertise with key learnings from cognitive science. (Tremor)It was founded for a dual purpose market research asshole and Word of mouth (WOM) advertisement. On vocalpoint, it connects about 600,000 mothers and these mothers have an average of 25-30 touchpoints with other women as compared to 5 for a usual mom. They share product nurture with other mums and this is key for PG as most household products are purchased by mothers or women in the household. They get samples and coupons to create a network effect.However, social media has changed the way in which companies gather information through traditional streams as consumers move to a digital age. It now gathers information about consumers through digital means like Facebook, twitter, launching apps that can be used on Smartphones etc and requires on website traffic and analytics to spot the next trend.In damage of competitor intelligence, PG definitely closely monitors its com petitors through various online sources and probably outsources this research to external companies. In turn, this information is shared through the intranet about competitor intelligence and updates employees on what their competitors are up to. As there is no public information on this, I am assuming PG does the resembling if not more based on my work experience in Unilever.Competitors that currently represent a threat to PG would be Unilever, Colgate Palmolive, Clorox etc. The strategic group that PG is in would be the branded consumer goods section. However, PG isnt a direct competitor across all segments some of its competitors like Unilever still has a large portion of its revenue from its Food, tea and beverage business. Whereas Johnson Johnson not only consumer goods, but is also strong in medical and pharmaceutical industries. Its closest competitor in cost of direct product to product lineup in the household products market might be Colgate Palmolive.At this moment, PG is probably its own worst enemy. But in terms of its closest competitors that represent a treat, I would think that Unilever, Colgate Palmolive are two or its nearest competitors. One point to raise is the threat of private labels brands from supermarkets themselves. This is starting to be a threat especially during the economic recession when consumers dont differentiate between shampoo Brand X and Shampoo Brand Y in terms of its value ( shrinks hair frizz) but on price alone. The in store brands by supermarkets like Coles or Woolworths compete in the identical product category but obviously can afford to sell them at a debase entry price but higher profit margin. In order to mitigate this threat, PG has to spend more on brand and innovation to hopefully induce the willingness to pay for its products.The context of the FMCG industry is always dynamic. However, even though PG can probably use market research to stay abreast of latest developments, due to its size, it might not h ave the flexibility to react quickly to changes. It is clear in terms of the shift in power of the world economy USA is the superpower of the past whereas Asia is the new superpower. With its headquarters still in Cincinnati Ohio, that in a sentiency is a constraint for PG as it is away from the business centers, away from the growth in the developing countries.PG needs the help of its collaborators to move to the next aim as they are all part of the value chain activities. For example, it would needs its global logistics providers to ensure on time shelf delivery at competitive cost, it would need the 3PM to produce quality and competitively priced products, ad agencies to produce quality and engaging ads etc. In order to select the best collaborators, PG has balanced scorecards in terms of environmental sustainability to maintain its commitment to reduce its carbon footprintIssue 4 As one of the leaders in marketing, PG has spared no efforts in its marketing segmentation. For it s paper products like tissues and toilet paper, it has household brands like Charmin, Puffs, Royale and Bounty. For its shampoo segment, it has famous brands like Head Shoulders, Vidal Sasson, sassy Plus, drop and Pantene, supposedly sufficient to cater to a wide range of hair oily, dry, dandruff, coloured, split ends etc. For the laundry segment, one of its cash awe has in itself 8 brands for sale in the United States. This would include Ivory Snow, Dreft, Oxydol, era, Gain, Bold, Cheer and its crown Jewel Tide. Because PG also is based worldwide, it has many different specially created brands in each category to cater to different external markets. In Latin America, it sells 16 laundry product brands whereas in its EMEA (Europe, plaza East, Africa) geographic segment, it has a whopping 19 different brands for choice.PGs marketing strategy has clearly shifted from mass market to target marketing. It is aware that consumers have different needs through its elaborate consumer r esearch, it has been trying to develop a product for every type of need a consumer has, it seems that PG is trying to have a race with itself to develop new products for any kind of customer. We can understand the motivation as PG wants to use its economies of scale and brand name to push out its products and expand market share to new and existing loyal customers. With the enormous number of brands in PG, we would imagine that each brand four-in-hand is trying to fight for publicity and capital for its brand. It is merely a supposed(p) question, but could the multitude of brands be more of an internal fight for importance rather than actually meeting consumer needs?However, clearly PG positions itself in the premium section of the FMCG market. Its products like Pantene, Vidal Sasson can command higher prices than a lower end shampoo brand like Sunsilk from Unilever.As mentioned, the multitude of brands is both the strength and weakness for PG. For one, the same laundry products f or example will be competing with each other for limited and precious supermarket shelf positioning and space. The fact that PG introduces several brands in one category might be economies of scale but could also crowd out the market. It could perhaps concentrate its resources on a handful of main brands and focus their targeting on specific customer segments instead of spreading itself too thinly.Because of the multitude of PGs categories, we will just examine in detail its laundry brands in US. In order to disruption laundry segments, PG first has to look at the job to be done segmentation. It did research and probably thought that apart from using detergents to get clean clothes, people also want other things from detergent. For example, mothers might want flash detergent because with a family of three kids, there would be many wicked clothes and washing cycles to do in a week. Thus, they would want detergent that is economical and powerful to get rid of dirt stains. On the sa me demographics of mothers, you get mothers with babies, and they would want detergents with less (zero) chemicals catered to the sensitive skin of babies. On the other spectrum, you might have some working professionals or yuppies who have a higher willingness to pay and value detergents that had a nice fresh smell and are sustainable for the environment. Thus, it is no surprise that PG has launched 8 brands in the US to cater to all the individual niches of customers.A quick check on www.walmart.com (Appedix A) and entering in the word Tide prompts 65 hits on the detergent in the household essentials segment. The fact is that Tide comes in three forms liquid, powder, shell forms. It also comes in many shapes, scents and sizes. This results in a minimum of 65 SKUS for just one laundry brand.By segmenting the market for laundry across multiple detergent brands, PG seems to have covered all bases for consumer laundry needs and wants. As a result, PG is the unrivalled leader in the U SD7billion US laundry detergent market. Tide alone is the market leader with a practiced 38% market share. When we combine all eight of PG laundry brands, it comes up to a 60% share of the market-2.5 times that of nearest rival Unilever and more more than any single brand could obtain by itself. However, does this mean that market share is due to the fact that PG has that many brands and is successful in its segmentation activities or is it because of the overall value proposition PGs detergents provide to its consumers. Could PG attain its market share of 60% by optimizing the number of SKUs by half?PG recognizes that they cannot appeal to all buyers in the marketplace or at least(prenominal) not to all buyers in the same way. Buyers are too numerous, too wide scattered, and too varied in their needs and buying practices. Moreover, PG itself varies widely in its abilities to serve different segments of the market. Rather than trying to compete in an entire market, sometimes agai nst superior competitors, PG has identified the parts of the market that it can serve best and most profitably.Thus, PG is being more selective about the consumers that they wish to bring and retain. It has been a clear leader in mournful from mass marketing, toward market segmentation and targeting-successfully identifying market segments after stringent market research and studies, selecting one or more of them, and developing products and marketing programs one by one tailored to the specific niche. PG clearly believes the rifle approach is more effective rather than the shotgun approach. It has achieved previous success based on this approach, but would this strategy continue to work for the fickle and fussy FMCG market? It should however be noted that Apple -one of the best marketers of technology thinks differently, with the iphone is still managed as a mass marketing concept.Issue 5 PGs reputation as being the best in marketing is indisputable. They are known to be at le ast 5 years ahead of competitors in terms of how they go to market. They continuously train and invest in their employees at the germ of their careers and like to promote from within. They spend enormous amounts of money training their people to become world class marketers and many of their people leave PG to lead other companies as their Chief Marketing Officer.PG clearly puts the consumer first. As such, their marketing strategy is based on deep consumer insights. This might mean their advertising probably wont be the most creative, but they will capture revenue and market share. This however, might prove to be a stumbling handicap with the changing demographics in the developing world.PGs marketing orientation makes business sense strategically. With a market orientation and micro marketing approach, PG can adapt to the 4Ps. In terms of Price, PGs premium pricing has shown that it can be travel with lower prices for the more cost sensitive developing countries. In terms of pro duct categories, it competes in 35 product categories in US but only present in an average of 19 product categories globally. Therefore, PG is focusing on the launching more product categories in more countries, targeting refinement of the global average to presence in 24 product categories by 2014-15. With regards to place, PG currently distributes broadly through four channels 1) supermarkets mass volume retail, 2) mom pop stores which are still prevalent in the triad world countries especially when shops are inaccessible, 3) wholesale and 4) modern retail stores. As part of new channel strategy, PG also is focusing on expansion in the international pharmacy and e-commerce channels. This shall contribute to PG products being available at more outlets. (PGs market share strategy set to pay off- pursuance Alpha)The PG brand plays a huge role in its marketing strategy as its one of the most recognized brands in the world. The PG brand is corresponding with premium pricing and quality. With the shift in the demographics, PG would need to shift to developing countries and the younger age segmentation. In terms of developing countries, it would be right on the ball to focus on India and China. At this moment, PG is definitely behind the curve for India as Hindustan Unilever is the clear leader in the CPG industry, however, PG does better in terms of brand penetration in China. The positioning in China is also very different as compared to India

Impact of the Discovery of the Vaccination

force of the Discovery of the VaccinationAn consequential Discovery in MicrobiologyEdward JennerDiscovery of the inoculationThesis The uncovering of the vaccine was extremely important to the lives of both benignant being and living creatures.There atomic number 18 galore(postnominal) discoveries that ar extremely important to the betterment of microbiology currently today. Micro-organisms can non be seen with the naked eye their discovery was linked to the merchandise of the microscope. The for the first time person to see micro -organisms was a microscope maker Antoni forefront Leeuwenhoek in 1964. (Madigan et al 2003) Centuries after that discovery, a man called Edward Jenner discovered vaccination. He achieved this by eliminating base syphilis back in the eighteen century. In the eighteenth century, this disease was a fatal disease that accounted for 10% of deaths. That with the or so part of the disease effecting teen children and the killed 20-50% of those that was effected. And those that survived was led to blindness with the humble poxs. (Smith 2011) I believe this is the most important discovery in microbiology to date, and this is what I am going to be writing about in my essay.Edward Jenner was a scientist who invented the small pox vaccination back in 1798. He discovered that by using a material from cow pox this would prevent more people from getting give with small pox. This man started the science of immunology (Smith 2011). syph viruses are the most complex and largest viruses and are not able to metabolize on their own. By the achievement of Edward Jenner, the application of this vaccine, has eradicated in the wild and is the first disease to be eliminate in this way. (Madigan et al 2003)Edward Jenner grew up in the countryside and this is where he achieved his early studies of smallpox and first inoculation. This is where he immunized the top executive of the cow pox. He collected any information form the draw maids about the disease, and thusly observed the milk maids for 10 years and then brought about his own prove by inoculating a young boy. This young boy never had small pox and Jenner inoculated him with cow pox. The infected young man became ill, precisely after a few long time made a full recovery with no side set up (Mc Nally 2001). This young boy became resistant to this disease because he was exposed to the disease, this is called peaceable franchise. Passive immunity occurred here because the young boy was exposed to the antigen which was the small pox. Edward Jenner achieved this when he injected the young boy with the material of the antigen. The young boy that Jenner injected acquired the transmission and became immune to the disease. When the disease was introduced into the body the immune cells produced a large measuring stick of the antigen specific immune effector molecules that caused the immunity. The covey effect had an major clashing on the termination of the small pox disease, the uptake of large nub of vaccines into different amounts of people caused the vaccine to become eradicated.Edward Jenner is said to be the breed of immunity, and he achieved this by preventing deaths during the seventeen century. He was a pioneer to many other scientists and demonstrated that his inoculations saved many humans lives. Many years after this a second vaccine was discovered by a scientist called Louis Pasteur wanted to portray the same idea as Edward Jenner scarcely Louis Pasteur did not want to save the lives of humans but the lives of animals. Louis Pasteur developed a vaccine against white-livered cholera a disease that was terminating chickens caused by the bacteria Pasteurella multocida. This theory of using an attenuated organism for a vaccine happened by virgule in the lab of Pasteur and his fellow scientists. When he inoculated the chickens with the bacteria they became ill and when he injected them accordingly days after this they didnt be come ill. (WU X et al 2011). This showed that on that point was 75% of the infected diseases were zoonotic and this showed there was a vaccine against rabidness a disease which was infecting both humans and animals. Initially Pasteur injected a series of increasingly viral solutions, that contained infected spinal cord from rabbit in suspect animal, mainly dogs that he used for his purpose. (Baer et al 2007). During Pasteur s experiment he increased the volume of hydrophobia which meant that there was an increase in the death of his patients. Improvements of this experiment in 1911 by some other scientist called Sir David Semple. He produced a vaccine that was produced by sheep brain tissue that was activated a ticker that could inactivate all the virus in the vaccine. In 1955 an American scientist introduced another improvement in the vaccine. He took brain tissue from suckling mice. He completed this as he wanted to eliminate the neurological sides effectuate of the disease that was concerned with the myelin in the brain tissue of grown mice. (Schneider t al 1994). The amount of myelin was greatly reduced but there still was side effects that was occurring. This was the way in which the discovery of the vaccines became as essential need for the protection of both humans and animals.In the past centuries, we arouse seen a vast amount of vaccines that have been produced. Ranging from chicken poxes to hepatitis. In addition, there are vaccines being developed today which have a dramatic effect in developing countries such as malaria and meningococcal vaccines. (Wilby et al 2012) (Kristiansen et al 2013). In these developing countries there as a higher rate of disease which causes the population to experience a great loss of human lives. These vaccines have been proven successful because of the changes in engineering which has saved millions of lives. Vaccinations are the most important achievement in the twentieth century according to the The Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (Scudder 2013). The benefits of successful vaccinations are very clear, not only direct protection but likewise has indirect effects on the unvaccinated individuals in the case of animals in groups or herds. (Doherty et al 2016) Proven to be protection in the herd. The herd immunity is a way in which the vaccine benefits beyond the animal being injected. The indirect protection of the unvaccinated person is when the injected suspect immunity prevents the circulation of the infectious disease into the populations. (Kim et al 2011) The death rate of not conscionable humans but animals would have been dramatically increased and this would have a huge effect on the environment that we live in today.This is an important discovery in microbiology because this cured many diseases that not only affect human health but affected animal health. There are multiple vaccines now produced today that prevent many diseases such as Chickenpox (Varicella),Di phtheria, Flu (Influenza), Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hib, Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Measles in humans and DHPP (vaccines for distemper, adenovirus hepatitis, parainfluenza, and parvovirus), rabies, east Equine Encephalitis (EEE), Tetanus, Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis, leptospirosis, BVD, Rhinotracheitis and Calicivirus in animals. These examples are only some of many vaccines discovered, to prevent death. This discovery according to me is defiantly a vial discovery to life today. The work of both Edward Jenner and Louis Pasteur is greatly know to be very valuable work to the health of humans and to dish up maintain the pathogenic bacteria.ReferencesBaer G.M,2007, The history of rabies A.C. Jackson, W.H. Wunner (Eds.),Rabies, Elsevier, Inc., Oxford pp. 1-22.Doherty M., Buchy P. , Standaert B., Giaquinto C. , Prado-Cohrs D. 2016, Vaccine impact benefits for human health Vaccine, 34 pp. 6707-6714Kim T.H., Johnstone J., Loeb M., 2011, Vaccine herd effect Scand J sully Dis, 43 ,pp. 683-689Kristiansen P.A., Diomand F., Ba A.K., Sanou I., Oudraogo A.S., Oudraogo R., Sangar L., Kandolo D., Ak F., Saga I.M., Clark T.A, 2013, Impact of the serogroup A meningococcal conjugate vaccine, MenAfriVac, on peddler and herd immunity Clin. Infect. Dis. 56(3) pp 354-363.Madigan T. Micheal , Martinko M. John, Parker Jack, 2003, Pearson education Inc, International edition ,10th edition Brock biological science Of Microorganisms pp 540 -7779Mc Nally Joseph,2001, The life of Dr Edward Jenner Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vol 12, No 1 pp 81-84Schneider M.C. , Santos-Burgoa C.,1994, Treatment of human rabies a summary of its history step up Saude Publica, 28 , pp. 454-463Scudder L, 2013, The importance of vaccinations The Journal Of Nurse Practitioners,9, pp A7-A8Smith Kendall, 2011, Edward Jenner and the small pox vaccine Front. Immunol pp 1-4Wilby K.J., Lau T.T., Gilchrist S.E., Ensom M.H. Mosquirix (RTS, S), 2012, a novel vaccine for the prevention of Pla smodium falciparum malaria 46(3) pp 384-393.Wu X , T.G. Smith, C.E. Rupprecht,2011, From brain passage to cell adaptation The road of human rabies vaccine development Expert Rev Vaccines,vol 10 pp. 1597-1608

Compare and Contrast Thomas Kuhn and Karl Popper

Comp are and Contrast distrusting doubting Thomas Kuhn and Karl PopperPositivists regarded confirmable placard surplusd of preconceptions as the means by which facts were obtained and informed. This view, however, has been greatly con shewed since the Vienna Circles avid seeking of it. The main chores include its inability to be checked and criticised by the scientific residential area members. In former(a) words, they are subjective, fallible and olibanum unreliable.1It is this initial dis capacitance with favourableness, especially with logical positivism which prompted Karl Popper to develop his Theory of Falsifiability, a achievable action which no longer relies on induction but on deduction, which accepts that truth is non attainable and which casts theories aside which hand been refuted by unaccompanied a single piece of empirical essay. Falsification is in like manner a demarcation amidst perception and non- perception, nearlything which has proved to be ve ry controversial. Thomas Kuhn, perhaps the most well known critic of Poppers black market, does non moot in induction or deduction as methods through which perception boardes. Instead, he introduces the concept of normal acquisition, noveltyary skill and figure of speechs. The differences mingled with these twain mens work allow for be analysed, the implications of each for the conduct of kindly sciences commented upon and the work of Imre Lakatos, a twentieth century philosopher of mathematics and science, highlighted in order to decorate just how much both philosophers resonate in the social sciences as a whole.Karl Popper, Positivism and his Theory of FalsifiabilityKarl Popper was first and foremost a philosopher of the inhering sciences,2his familiarity of the social sciences existence limited basically to economics.3With that in mind, nonpareil understands wherefore he concord with Rudolph Carnap in advocating that philosophy should learn from how the esse ntial sciences solve. He believed scientists should adopt a tiny attitude, go forthing to incessantly test their views with empirical evidence and rational discussion which the Vienna Circle had so avidly promoted. However, Popper was briefly to highlight flaws with positivism, especially with logical positivism. These were, in crabby, its dedication to the principles of inductivism and verificationism.Inductivists cl determination that via induction, unmatchable is able to obtain secure scientific noesis and that the inference is legitimate if a significant number of singular or observational statements are gathered under a wide pastiche of circumstances.4In order to maintain the empirical certainty of inferences obtained through the deductive method, the universal law premise must be empirically certain.5However, as Popper pointed out, unrivalled has no assurance that any universal empirical marriage offer is certain. For Popper, the problem of induction was insurmount able, contesting that if science is empirical its laws must be handle as tentative hypotheses.6Popper accepted the Humean critique of induction, claiming not except that it is never apply by scientists but that observation, believed to be an initial step in the construction of theories, is misguided7. Hume too pointed out that observation is selective and supposition-laden and therefrom one can never make pure or free observations.8Popper, however, disagreed with Hume over whether knowledge could be rationally justified. Hume saw inductively inferred laws as except an account of habit or custom, (suggesting that) even scientific knowledge is irrational.9Popper, on the other hand, in order to avoid statements allowing empirical evidence to actualize false theories, believed that induction could be switch overd by deduction. Deduction draws inferences about the set forth from the ob resolved falsity of the conclusion.10To justify this, he argued that though even with a bod y of empirical evidence, one can never be abruptly certain about the validity of a scheme, it takes but one empirical rebuttal to determine the falsity of a speculation. Popper denominated this the asymmetry between verifiability and falsifiability11, a difference which became the centrepiece of his philosophy of science.Scientists begin with universal statements and initial conditions from which they descend hypotheses which will then be after tested. If they withstand the test, the theory will survive if falsified, the theory is abandoned. Falsifiability, according to Popper, is the bill of demarcation between science, or the empirical sciences and the non-science. There are, however, degrees of falsifiability. The more information a statement contains, the big its body of observational statements and therefore, the higher its degree of misrepresentation. According to Popper, scientists should aim at highly refutable theories instead of modestly falsifiable ones. It is pr eferable for the theory to be bold, precise and simple12as their empirical content will be greater and therefore there will be a humongousr body of potential falsifiers.Poppers definite break with logical positivism appears in their seem of certainty the positivists aimed to specify methods that would generate certain knowledge13whilst in Poppers view, one can only hope to improve what must al elans remain imperfect14as emerging tests could cast doubt over what was previously thought of as true. If we take Poppers approach to the appear for truth, it would initially appear that there are an endless number of possible true theories.15However, Popper addresses that by explaining his tone of verisimilitude. The scientific process of trial and erroneousness which Popper advocates creates a greater approximation of the truth, or increases the verisimilitude of the theory.Popper, Marxism and Pseudo-ScienceThe young Popper had been draw ined to the apparent long suit of theories such as Freuds psychoanalysis and Adlers individual psychology. These theories were regarded as capable of explaining or so all(prenominal)thing related to human behaviour as verifications were found to justify every advancement. Popper, however, was soon to discover a study flaw in them they could not be refuted. Freud was therefore severely criticised by Popper for producing immunised theories against defense. A theory unable to be falsified belongs, in Poppers view, to a non-science. His drastic approach towards pseudo-science was also extended to Marxism, especially the Marxism that Neurath had brought to the Vienna Circle.Neurath interpreted Marxian materialism as epsitemically analogous to his own physicalism16and hailed Engels and Marx as having produced the foundations of a truly scientific necessitate of society. In Poppers opinion, this could not have been further from the truth. The problem with Marx was not only that he was considered a historicist, but that he was a u topian too.Marxism, initially considered as a science because of its predictive nature, was soon re-classified as fundamentally non-scientific. The predictions Marx had made had not been borne out and in order to save it from falsification and refutation, ad hoc hypotheses were added, making the theory compatible with facts. These factors prompted Popper to adopt falsifiability as his criterion for demarcation between science and non-science. If a theory, according to Popper, is capable of being falsified or, in other words, is incompatible with empirical evidence, it is considered as scientific. If, on the other hand, a theory is compatible with all observations and is capable of explaining virtually everything be it because, as with the case of Marxism, it has been modified to accommodate sorely made observations or, because, as in the case of psychoanalysis, it is indeed consistent with all observations made and to be made in the future, it is categorised as unscientific.17It is this criterion which characterises Poppers theory of falsifiability and which was soon criticised.Implications for the hearty SciencesPopper helps demolish one of the notions positivism embraces, namely that science bestridees from the observation of data by means of experiments. These experiments are verified when repeated allowing cosmopolitan laws about the nature of reality to be inferred. Popper, therefore, expresss that progress is made not by verifying facts, but by attempts of falsifying the results of other theories.18The theories of science, he argues, are conjectures to solve problems and cannot be verified by empirical evidence.19The counterchange from induction to deduction also means that rather than proceeding from the particular to the universal, science originates from the universal (i.e. scientific hypotheses) to the particular.20SanderThomas Kuhns Theory of ParadigmsThomas Kuhn began his career as a physicist and then turned his attention towards the accoun t statement of science where his preconceptions about instinctive history were shattered21. His Structure of scientific Revolutions (1962) was developed as an attempt to give a theory more in keeping with the historical situation as (Kuhn) saw it22. foreign Popper, his main aim was not to bequeath guidelines to scientists about how to proceed or to develop a normative philosophy of science. The telephone exchange concern of his dissertation was to characterise the way in which science historically develops and to explain why scientists have operated in such a way.Kuhns Structure of scientific Revolutions has been one of the most provocative (pieces of work) to appear in the last fifteen historic period23, offering the most sophisticated alternative to Popper.24Science, in his opinion, does not progress inductively as positivists would maintain nor by falsification as Popper would argue. Alternatively, Kuhn places focus on the revolutionary character of scientific process, where a revolution involves the abandonment of one theoretical structure and its counterchangement by other, incompatible one.Kuhns approach to the way science progresses can be summarised by the following open-ended system of rulespre-science normal science crisis revolution new normal science new crisis25According to Kuhn, the pre-science stage is a disorganised and diverse activity forgo the formation of science. It eventually becomes structured, directed and channelled when a single mental image emerges and is adhered to by the scientific fellowship. As will be discussed below, the concept of ranges itself has been subjected to heavy condemnation, not least because of its ambiguous nature. However, vaguely, one can postulate that paradigms contain some very general methodological prescriptions26to guide scientific work. Paradigms also serve a regulative function in directing future research.27 body of workers at heart a specific paradigm whether it be Newtonian mechanic s or wave optics practise what Kuhn denominates normal science.As professed in Structure of Scientific Revolutions, normal science isresearch firmly based upon one or more past scientific achievements that some particular scientific community acknowledges for a time as supplying the foundation for its further practice.28 average science is inextricably characterised by a dominant paradigm, something that Popper quickly picked up upon as irrational and superficial.29In normal science the scientists work is employ to the articulation and wider application of the accepted paradigm.30In other words, their main aim is to fill out what is suggested by the accepted paradigm.31It is therefore clear that minuscule emphasis is placed upon normal science and research to produce major novelties as a primary aim.Kuhn, in effect, reduces Poppers falsification theory to problem solving deep down the confines of normal science. According to Kuhn, science is besides a set of puzzles whose soluti ons are to be found within the operational paradigm32. Normal scientists do not actively look for anomalies which the content of their paradigm will be hard-pressed to solve. However, when a recurrent anomalousness does arise which the paradigm is unable to resolve, crisis will break out.During such a crisis, extraordinary science occurs characterised by a plurality of views and a gainsay to the fundamentals of the paradigm. The crisis will then be resolved when a exclusively new paradigm emerges which has the capacity to resolve the previous, problematic anomalies and, in doing so, attract the allegiance of a growing scientific community until eventually the paradigm posing the problem is abandoned. Therefore, the new paradigm not only has to be able to resolve the anomaly, it also has to be subsequently accepted as normal science, thus establishing a new consensus. A scientific revolution according to Kuhn is constituted by discontinuous change33as the pertly adopted paradigm will be confronted with problems it is unable to resolve and thus the never-ending cycle continues.Kuhn and PopperThe Structure of Scientific Revolutions soon became problematic to cook up with Poppers theory of falsification as Kuhns historical account about how scientists operate came into conflict with Poppers work. The emphasis Kuhn placed on scientific communities, their rules and expectations, was used to explain why scientists were not al slipway willing to refute and actively search for falsifications of their theories. Unlike what Popper claimed, the scientific communities would not question the paradigm they work within until a particular anomaly was repeated. Instead, they might question their own calculations or instruments implemented, but never the broader framework they operate within.34Poppers reaction to Kuhns severe criticism was veritably weak. He simple asserted that Kuhns accurate historical account of science clashes with the facts as I see them.35According to Kuhn, falsification has not been in use in the past for the reasons highlighted above. Poppers rebuttal to this was that he, unlike Kuhn, had not focussed on providing a historical account but on providing guidelines for future scientists. He also criticises Kuhn for producing a highly selected theory, one which disregarded large chunks of normal science. 36Popper also criticised Kuhn for paving the way for irrationalism and relativism,37the reason for this lying in two of Kuhns statements. Firstly, the fact that Kuhn equated the switch in paradigms to a gestalt switch or a religious conversion because he believed in a holistic theory of meaning38means that it is very difficult to compare scientific theories. Secondly, because of Kuhns cynical approach to verisimilitude and his belief that we never get closer to the truth, his commentary on how science progresses seems ill-founded. In these contexts, Popper criticises Kuhn of adhering to the myth of framework which presupposes tha t rational and critical discussions can only take place if fundamentals are agreed upon. Popper strongly disagrees with this concept, as with the belief that science will not progress across paradigms and argues that different frameworks always have enough in cat valium to allow the scientific community to compare and judge them, triggering progress.Other Criticisms of Kuhns WorkPopper has not been alone in criticising aspects of Kuhns Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Bernstein succinctly puts the legal age of the criticisms in his The Restructuring of Social and Political Theories39. The ambiguous nature of paradigms and the irrationality of the paradigm shift have been discussed above. Critics have also pinpointed Kuhns misrepresentation of the history of science40, the inaccurate description of normal science41and the exaggerated distinction between normal and revolutionary science42. In order to further show the relevance of Kuhns work to the social sciences, the vagueness of paradigms will be discussed, as the irrationality of paradigms has been explained above.When first introduced, Kuhn claimed paradigms were universally recognised scientific achievements that for a time provide model problems and solutions to a community of practitioners.43However, the elusive and slippery concept44of paradigm was shown when Kuhn acknowledges that he had been using the term paradigm in many ways45, citing Masterman who listed at least twenty two senses in which the term was used in the book.46To tackle the confusion created by his multiple use of paradigms, Kuhn proposes to replace it with a disciplinary matrix.47A disciplinary matrix includes the shared commitments of the community of scholars, the shared symbolic generalizations and the shared problems and solutions in the discipline.48Mark?Other Implications for Social Scientists.Even though Thomas Kuhn has been almost exclusively concerned with the natural sciences, social scientists have repeatedly claimed his work offers fresh illumination for brain social sciences and theory.49Part of the reason for this is, as Kuhn himself pointed out, the fact that his work is regretfully too nearly all things to all people.50The revolutionary transformation in the use of observation as a means leading to theory has also had an collision on social scientists. Kuhns starting point for the formulation of theories is not reality but construction.51Kuhn contributed to demolishing positivism52not only by admitting revolutions in science involve the intrusion of non-scientific elements such as habits, customs or cultural values, but also in roll doubt over the possibility of attaining perfect knowledge and over the conventional idea that progress in science is cumulative.One of the most authorised consequences Kuhns work had for the social sciences was the significance he attributed to the role convergeed by the sociological characteristics of scientific communities. Kuhn turned away from the sea rch for an ideal methodological analysis to the study of science by scientific means and, in doing so, shake the empirical study of science.53Finally, Kuhn may have hastened the demise of positivism by prompting and then influencing the naturalisation of epistemology, a movement which has become bountiful through, for example, a conventionalistic and naturalistic study of science.Imre Lakatos A Middle Man?By the late 1960s a great deal of the debate on the philosophy of science had come to focus on the difference between Kuhns paradigms and Poppers revision of positivism.Numerous epistemological doctrines entered this debate and different interpretations of Popper and Kuhns works emerged, reflecting the impact they had on their contemporary critics and their effect on the conduct of social science as a whole. Lakatos is one of the most prominent critics of their works, his critique mainly considered as the most important attempt to place the post-empiricist theory of science som ewhere between Popper and Kuhn.54Imre Lakatos at the outset appears to be a frequenter of Poppers falsification theory. He strongly criticised Kuhn for his irrationalist and too general55concept of a revolution and his notion of a single, dominating paradigm. Lakatos defends Popper against the charge of naive falsificationism, the fast discarding of a theory as soon as contradictory evidence is exposed. However, he goes beyond Popper in claiming that science progresses by sophisticated falsification which focuses on the comparative evaluation of whole research programs.56Sophisticated falsificationists agnize that the conditions that a hypothesis should satisfy in order to be notable of a scientists consideration alone are insufficient57and that the need for a hypothesis to be more falsifiable than the other it will replace is necessary for scientific progress. Thus, it is not single theories which are falsified but full(a) programs, embodying the notion of refutation not aut omatically lead(ing) to rejection.58Such an epistemic theory strikingly resembles Kuhns theory of paradigms. The difference between them only appears when closely examining Lakatos notion of research programs.According to Lakatos, every scientific research program has a hard core, a set of propositions that are immune from empirical tests59because they are surrounded by a protective belt of assumptions or conditions.60though research programs and paradigms have been equated, Lakatos proposes that normal science be considered more as a research program for reasons of its general acceptability61and does not attribute the general status to it that Kuhnian paradigms have. Furthermore, the transition from one research program to another is the product of rational exploration of rival methodologies62and not, as Kuhn implied, a incomprehensible conversion63to a new ontology. Cultural values, historical events and other impertinent factors are far less important in Lakatos eyes and play l ittle part in particular scientific theories or the excerption of general research programs, levelling Kuhns theory down to critical rationalism.64Lakatos MSRP has not emerged without beguiling criticisms. Firstly, he seems to have physics exclusively in mind when he developed his theory and when referring to science. Other natural sciences cannot as easily be accommodated to the Procrustean bed of the MSRP65and it is only economics which seems to offer the possibility of an easy fit.66As a model for the history of science, MSRP fails to meet the empirical test of general acceptability67. It is also limited in explaining how science works, failing to excogitate the criteria needed to be employed for it to work. However, as Gordon highlights, the fact that Lakatos was flexible in not regarding former scientists as misguided in adopting theories that now would be considered irrational is a significant point of merit in Lakatos epistemic stance.68The MSRP model allows the possibilit y of gaining knowledge by using theories that are subsequently regarded as, in the absolute sense, false.69ConclusionAs Lakatos claimed,The clash between Popper and Kuhn is not about a mere technical point in epistemology. It concerns our central intellectual values, and has implications not only for theoretical physics but also for the underdeveloped social sciences and even moral and political philosophy.70As seen with Sanders account, Popper has greatly influenced the political sciences, contributing to xxxx. Kuhns work, on the other hand, as Mark smith rightly points out, has had a deep impact on the conduct of social sciences because of the vagueness and therefore adaptability of the term paradigms.71Despite their distinct approaches, however, both men have met with severe criticism, not only from each other, but from scientific colleagues and both have apparently failed to address these adequately.72It is therefore not surprising that xxxxxx

UK Telecommunications Management of Interest Rates

UK Telecommunications Management of Interest RatesINTRODUCTIONIn task world today many companies ar set about with the ontogenesis in volatility of m whizztary markets which has lead to increase in pecuniary price gamble. Many companies atomic number 18 faced with picture to financial take a chance which are ca utilise by unanticipated transposition tell and interest dictate movements. These unanticipated movement in telephone exchange account which is ca utilise by supranational competition contribute outlets into large gain or loss if the risk is not bring home the bacond properly. Exchange account movement generate business risks which jackpot vary the current exotic assets and liabilities and interest rate movement give the bounce have indirect impact on accompanys value on its future tense tense cash flows.Domestic and multinational companies who are faced with these kind of risks moldiness assure that they control these risks separatewise if they are unmanaged then this can entrust into total failure of business. monetary Institutions have introduced different products to help companies in risk management. These products are Forward contracts on exchange rate, Futures contracts, Interest rate swaps and Options. Forward contract being the oldest product to be introduced to manage twain foreign exchange and interest rate risks.1.1 Problem statementChanges in business environment and increase in movement of interest rate and exchange rate has resulted into rise in financial risk exposure. These movements can affect not only companys profit but also companys extract in indirect way. Financial risks management has turn to be a significant area of pertain for UK corporations.Therefore this proposal attempt to uncovering out how UK Telecommunications industry handle financial risks in an increasing business risk environment.Research aim and objectivesAimThe main aim of the view is to envision how firms in UK Telecommunications i ndustry manage interest rate and foreign exchange financial risks by looking into use of deriveds.1.3 Research ObjectivesThe primary feather objectives of the research entrust beTo determine how companies manage riskTo determine whether derivatives are used or notTo determine which derivatives are used and for what purposeDisclosure of financial instruments1.4 Research QuestionsThe following research questions will guide this researchHow companies manage risk?Are derivatives used or not used?Which derivatives are used and for what purpose?What are the disclosure of financial instruments?2. LITERATURE REVIEWDerivatives are financial instruments whose values are deduced from some underlying assets or rate/price. Derivatives are now of overriding importance to the business world, with imaginary value of more than $200 trillion of these derivatives are being traded on coordinated and over the counter markets in 2004 ( swan for International Settlements, 2004).The financial product s which are provided by FinanciaI Institution are options, futures contract, forward-moving contract and interest rate swap. The common Interest rate derivative is Interest rate swaps and others are future contracts and interest rate options bit for foreign exchange derivatives are forwards contracts, currency swaps, foreign exchange futures and options. Forward contract gives the owner the obligation to purchase an asset at set price and maturity date as agreed in the contract. Future as like forward but in futures are public traded while forwards are private contracts. Unlike future and forward, options give the owner the right but not obligation to buy or sell an asset at a fixed price on or before specified date (Prevost et al, 2000).Derivatives are used to trimmed down cash flows and earnings volatility caused by changes in foreign currency exchange rates, commodity prices, interest rates and other risk factors (Barton J, 2000). drop of financial derivatives is widespread, e specially among large publicly traded companies and is assuage increasing sharply.For example, in a pick out done by Guay and Kothari, (2003) found on one-year reports tuition of 413 largest firms in the U.S revealed that 57% were using derivatives. In another study of 314 Fortune 500 firms showed that 72% were using derivatives (Barton J, 2001). Mallin et al. (2001) did descry analysis on the use of derivatives in risk management, he mail questionnaire to 800 UK non financial firms listed on London stock exchange. Results showed that of 231 respondents 32% were applying at to the lowest degree one derivative instrument. Another researchers Bodnar et al (2003) studied derivative customs in managing risk to 167 non-financial Netherlands firms and revealed 84 usable responses which is 50.3%. In India a study was conducted to examine derivatives usage in managing foreign exchange risk to 640 companies which were faced with foreign exchange exposure and results showed that 70.4 % of respondents used foreign exchange derivatives to manage risk (Anand and Kaushik 2007).Whilst many firms use derivatives in managing risk, misuse of it may result into major losses. This was proved by Karpinsky (1998) who revealed companies like Sumitomo Corporation lost $3,500 zillion in 1996 because of copper future.On the other hand El-Masry (2003) collected selective discipline from questionnaire mailed to 401 non financial companies listed on London stock exchange, 50% of respondents did not use derivatives because the risk exposure was not substational. Likewise suryey done by Bodnar et al (1995) revealed lower use of derivatives and the reason being low unnoticeable exposure.Regarding to mostly used derivatives to manage risk exposure, view done by Marshall (1997) pointed that options, swaps and forwards were normally used to manage interest rate and foreign exchange risks. In El-Masry (2003) survey of UK non financial firms, results indicated that firms use options a t 29.4%, forward/future at 23.7% and swaps 23.1%.3.0. RESEARCH METHODOLOGYResearch human bodyThis study will be conducted as a quantitative surveySources of dataThe main initiation of data will be the annual reports of 10 companies in the UK telecommunications industry for the past three years.Documentary outsetBell (1999) state documentary microbe involves the reading of relevant information from library source such as text books, journals, newspapers and internet. Secondary source will enable a researcher to conduct broad investigation and help confirm the reliability of the findings given that the findings may be inborn and this source will be used as well to cut down reliance on the annual reports as the main source of data used in the study.Sampling selectionSelection of test will be based on the public data information of the companies and the eligibility criteria will base on following factorsThe company must be in the telecommunication services industryThe company must be either a Domestic or a Multinational one which is exposed to financial risks as an outcome of international competitionThe company should be among of the listed London Stock Exchange companies entropy analysisData collected will be analysed using Statistical Package for genial Sciences (SPSS) and presented using frequency table.4. CONCLUSIONMeasuring and managing financial risk exposure are crucial functions in cutting down companies vulnerabilities from major exchange and interest rate movements.Financial derivatives are very important in risk management of corporations5. REFERENCEAnand m., Kaushik k. p., (2007).Management Motivations for Use of Foreign Currency Derivatives in India, IIML Working Paper Series.Bank for International Settlements. (2004). Triennial Central Bank Survey of Foreign Exchange and Derivatives Market Activity in 2004. http//www.bis.org/publ/rpfx05.htm.Barton, J. (2001). Does the Use of Financial Derivatives Affect Earnings Management Decisions? The Acco unting Review, 76, 1-26.Bell, Judith. (1999). Doing your Research cast A guide for first time researcher in study 3rd Edition Buckingham, Open University press.UKBodnar g. m., de jong a., macrae v., (2003). The impact of Institutional Differences on Derivatives fashion a Comparative Study of US and Dutch Firms?, European Financial Management vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 271-297.El-masry a.,(2003) A survey of derivatives use by UK non financial companies, Social science research network Manchester Business School pg.455.Grant, K. and Marshall, A. P. (1997), turgid UK companies and derivatives?, European Financial Management, vol. 3 no. 2, pp. 191-208.Guay W Kothari, S. P. (2003). How Much Do Firms Hedge with Derivatives? diary of Financial Economics, 70, 423-461.Hentschel, L., Kothari, S. P. (2001). Are Corporations Reducing or taking Risks withDerivatives. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 36, 93-118.Mallin c. Ow-yong k. and Reynolds m.,(2001) Derivatives usage in UK non -financial listed companies, The European Journal of Finance Vol. 7 (2001), pp. 63-91.Saunders, M., Lewis, P. Thornhill, A. (2007). Research Methods for Business Students. 4th Edition. Pearson Education limit UK.Prevost, A. K., Rose, L. C., Miller, G. (2000). Derivatives Usage and Financial Risk Management in Large and polished Economies A Comparative Analysis. Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, 27, 733-759.

Barack Obama, Dreams From My Father

Barack Obama, Dreams From My returnBarack Obama in his first book Dreams from my Father A story of Race and Inheritance purports his enjoiners to a beautifully crafted trip of self-discovery. His first book was published over a decade ago and is recently re-published by Random House. It is a compelling story of not l unrivaledsome(prenominal) race and culture inheritance but also of face-to-face growth, hu cosmos experience, sprightliness lessons and benignant nature. Obama tells his fantastic emotional state story in a very surveyful and reflective way. I feel this is a story of a very wisely examined life. The fact that driveers, regardless of favorable background, cultural herit mature or skin colorize could find themselves in the story reminds me that as human universes as thoroughly we any grapple plenty of similarities and differences.Ab kayoed a a couple of(prenominal) months ago in a very strange incident when the Republican pre arrayntial and vice presiden tial candidates s besidesd on stages slightly the nation as tycoon who was Barack Obama? They had a very slowly access to their have principal if they would have read Dreams from my move over back. If they would have read the story they wouldnt have enough knowledge near the man who would coif as 44th president of the country but more approximately themselves as well.THE STORYThe autobiography tells the story of the life of Barack Obama up to his introduction in the Harvard law School.He was born in Honolulu, Hawaii to Barack Obama sr. Of Kenya, a black African and Ann Dunham of Wichita, Kansas, a colour American, who met as students at the University of Hawaii at Minoa. Obamas p arnts separated from each other and got divorced in 1964, when Obama was just two course of instructions old, and the reason behind the divorce was Obamas start went to Harvard to pursue his PhD but did not have m unrivalledy to take his family with him. Obamas founder later on returned to Africa to fulfil his promise to the continent. A kid without his father, Obama def break an imaginary image of his absent father from the stories told by his mother and his empyrealparents. He could see his father one more metre in 1971 when sr. Obama had come to Hawaii for a month long official visit, without well-read death could be just a few away. Obamas father died in a car accident after 11 years in 1982.After the divorce Obamas mother remarried to Lolo Soetro an East-West Centre student from Indonesia, and then travel to Jakarta. When Obama was just ten years, he returned to Hawaii to get better educational opportunities available in Hawaii, under the care of his grandparents and later his mother. He was enrolled at Punahou School, a private college-preparatory school, in fifth grade where he was on of the only six black students at the mostly white school. Obama att caned the school from the 5th grade until his graduation in 1979. Obama in his pens For my grandparents , my doorway into Punahou Academy heralded the start of some function grand, an elevation in the family status that they took owing(p) pains to let everyone know. In the school Obama met Ray who introduced him to the African American community.After finishing high school, Obama locomote to Los Angeles, where he enrolled at Hesperian College, he describes his life there to be a party lifestyle with the drug and alcohol use. After two years of his party life at Occidental, he transferred himself to Columbia college at Columbia University, in Manhattan, newborn York, where he majored in political science. After graduation, he started a commercial enterprise for a year, which did not go very well, he then moved to Chicago there he motioned for a non-profit community organizing in the Altgeld Gardens living accommodations project on the South side of the city. He recounts the difficulty of the experience, as his program confront resistance from apathy on the part of the ceremon ious bureaucracy and entrenched community attractors. During this time Obama first visited the Chicagos Trinity f only in Church of Christ only to be prompt himself to do something grand in his life.Obama decided to visit his relatives in Kenya before joining the Harvard Law School. Obama uses the experience Kenya to be the setting for his books final emotional scene. Relating the story with Obamas life the book includes a great deal of reflection on his receive personal racial experiences with the Americans in the United States.A FEW racism FACTSI ceased to advertise my mothers race at the age of 12 or 13, when I began to suspect that by doing so I was ingratiating myself to whites this is a quote from the introduction in the book Dreams from my Father. This gives the very first coup doeil of the racial discrimination and racial issues faced by Barack Obama right from the age of 12 or 13. Obama still had the thrive to continue and achieve everything that he aimed for.There was something about him that authorise me wary, a comminuted too legitimate of himself, maybe. And white. This is during the time when he describes a job interview with a man in Chicago. It seemed that race had been a part of their discourse as the white had a certain air about himself seeing Obama organism a black, but instead of getting de motivated and upset about the deportment from the white Obama took it as an opportunity and showed what his real talent was. And at the end he was able to win the person, which was one of his many passions.It remained necessary to fix which side you were on, to show your loyalty to the black masses, to strike out and get a line names. Obama discusses this part of his life when he talks about his childhood and his schooltime in Hawaii. Though having a white mother Obama faced too many racial discriminations in his school days, which do him vulnerable to the whites.I never emulate white men and brown men whose assigns didnt deliver to my own. It was into my fathers image, the black man, son of Africa, that Id packed all the attributes I sought in myself, the attributes of Martin and Malcolm, Dubois and Mandela. This statement shows that though being a black, Barack Obama did not get emulated with his fate to have born a black, he made it his strength and walked fore instead of walking backwards and run away from the trickyships.Despite having faced so many incidences of racial discrimination and underlying authority Barack Obama had only one thing that was unbitten and that was his never dying spirit and courage and this is what i take undoubtedly defines his leadership woodland.LEADERSHIPRecently I happened to read an article on leadership qualities and how is a person fit to operate a leader. To test the article I decided to experiment with few of my friends, on a casual discussion I asked them who do you mean can be a leader? to my amazement the conceptionl discussion turned into an argument whether a leader is born or made. later on after giving the entire argument much purview I decided to jot down few of the qualities of a leader I could figure out during the discussion.The first thing that I discover was during the entire conversation there was one friend who did not til now attempt to get into the conversation, later when asked he said I dont mobilize thats even a discussion, it was so pointless, Id rather spend my time schooling Barack Obama then deciding whether a leader is born or made it is always going to be debatable, thats when I realised that a true leader never gives too much time to such discussions he rather concentrates more on developing his own leadership qualities which he thinks are necessary for his success. integrity of the other things that I noticed was in a group theres always a person who leads the discussion, gives it a graceful flow and concludes it, this group had a leader as well, but the quality i noticed here was a leader always has follo wers, you take the case of Hitler, Mussolini, Barack Obama, Mahatma Gandhi anyone in that case, they are improve examples of Leadership and one thing that is common among all of them is they all had their own set of followers. Which I think is one of the biggest qualities of a leader, what is the point of leading a group when you do not have anyone to follow?Summarizing the entire incident i could come up with Five qualities that a leader possesses. They are as followsA leader should beIntelligentClarity in thought former lookingEthicalInspiringNow the important job for a leader is to display his skills or the five qualities mentioned above and at the homogeneous time inspiring people to follow. Below is a story of a great leader who doesnt have a name in history, hasnt made it big yet she is a motivation, a role model and has all the qualities for an entrepreneur mentioned above.How often do you get a chance to motivate? How often do you get a chance to touch peoples lives and ma ke them better?Well i just came across a instructor who made it all possible, they called her Miss G.Miss G was a happy, and a fun loving human being, happily married and a perfect husband made her confident, and lively. She came from a political background and as her father she too wanted to do something for the society, she had tried a couple of things already but somehow did not interest her, or rather the work did not approve her, not getting de motivated Miss G joins the Long Island school, Long Beach to try her hands on teaching, little has she thought of what she was getting into, she would have had night mares before step forrard to take the job. Her father did not approve of her be approaching a teacher, he thought it was too low a profile to work in, she didnt pay attention to it, as she knew she would be able to make her father accord to her choice eventually.She started off her first day as a teacher with a group of students majorly African Americans, who were engaged in gang wars, drugs, engagement etc. She had a hard time even talking to them as they had a typical situation to the way they lived. They were freshmen at school and obviously hated the fact. The first day she experienced the enmity amongst the students with the issue being the colour of their skin. She has a hard time controlling their fights, but gets gestate of it eventually. When she walks out after the school she sees that the whites are on one side of the ground and the black on the other none of them even daunted to interact with the other colour. The very next day she mixes the different colour students within the class to break the ice amongst themselves. That doesnt work very well as many of them feel offended of their colour and stop orgasm to the class.She tries to figure out for days together what is it that is stopping 13 year kids to talk to each other and discriminate amongst each other referable to their colour in modern America. And one day something happen s that teaches her the real reason, a boy gets killed by one of the whites just because he was black, she learns the fact that one of her students called Eva was also involved in the incident. She wanted to confront the girl about it but was warned by the administration of the school to not to do so as it was against the policy of the school. She still tries to confront and learns that the blacks are ill-treated by the American cops for no reason, they were bitten up, shot and jailed just for being a black. Miss G didnt realise what to say when she was confronted with a truth ilk this.She knew the students wouldnt speak to her directly in the class, but she wanted them to take all their pain and sufferings out so that she could heal them and make them better human beings, because she knew, she had hope in them that they werent as bad as they were made out to be. She then came up with this really amazing idea of making them obtain their journal, she asked them to write any of their experiences that were close to her heart. She told them she wouldnt read their journal unless and until they would allow her to. She offered them a closet to leave their journals if they wanted her to read them. And to her surprise everyone wrote in their journals and leftfield them behind for her to read it.The administration of the school was strictly against all the activities that she was doing and wouldnt life her or help her even with the material she required for the class. Miss G didnt give up on the kids, she worked double jobs just so that she could stand them with the materials that they needed. But in all of this her personal life, her happy marriage had started to go on the rough track. Thus she was losing support both from her working milieu as well as her husband. But with her determination and passion to make a difference to those kids lives, she continues to teach with all the hurdles and difficulties that she was facing.With all the efforts she was place in s he succeeded in making the class room a berth for all the kids she was teaching. Her husband left her, the administration didnt agree with her efforts and the people around her tried every possible way to de motivate her. But she was a warrior princess despite having an emotional breakdown, the threat to lose the job, no home she never gave up or rather never bowed to the situations, she kept fighting.During the entire mess up she was going through for the first time her need force was her father. Her father told her I am jealous of what my daughter is being able to do, she did what I had dreamt for myself, which I think in itself is a control force for any individual. And with the warrior she was this just added to her strength.She motivated the kids to keep their own journals, this time she motivated them to convert their journals into books. The kids already following the footsteps of their teacher readily hold to it, and after months of rigorous work they came up with their own individual books with their own stories. Their own stories of struggle and their own stories of survival, she had succeeded.This motivated Miss G to write her own book for the kids and the experience with them. She amazingly called them the freedom writers.My LearningIt is not necessary that you make it big if you are an entrepreneur, it is not necessary that the being should know what a big personality are you. The satisfaction comes from within.One if the question that i came across while reading the book was wherefore doesnt everyone have a name in history? What is so supererogatory about the people who have made it big? the answer to the question was their cognizance. Imagine what if everyone had the same wavelength, what if everyone was as intelligent as Mr Narayan Murthi of Infosys, Mr Warren calamity the investor, Mr Bill Gates of Microsoft, there would be a new Infosys and Microsoft coming up every day in every different deferral of the world. There wouldnt have be en any uniqueness in their ventures. Thus intelligence plays a merry role in what you do.Intelligence plays a vital role in what you do but intelligence without clarity of thought cannot be put to the best use. Imagine Bill Gates having an idea of launching Microsoft but doesnt know where, when and how, i think without a make vision he wouldnt have been able to do any of it.And last having a vision of where you want to be sums up to all the things that are needed to be a leader.Thus a mixture of an intelligent, send on looking and clear minded individual makes it to be the best leader.decisivenessWhether its Miss G or Barack Obama, both of them had their own share of hardships and struggles one thing that kept them going was their never say NO attitude to life. This is what has made them a leader, an entrepreneur and a satisfied human.At the end of the day it is not what you do or what you make out of what youre doing, it is the scholarship that life offers for the present and the future.Lions sleep 18 hours a day if hard work alone was the secret to success, then donkey would have been the king of the jungle.

How Employees Affect Consumer Behavior :: essays research papers

How Employees repair Consumer BehaviorSummaryI am going to discuss how employees take up consumer behavior and what Ibelieve ar the best counsels to modify their effectiveness. I will be drawingupon my experiences as a consumer and work in a retail environment.CommentsNo one fulfills your corporate school of thought or promotes your intersections andservices more than your employees. They are like ambassadors representing theUnited States when the electric chair can not be there in person. You acquire them to put to work on your behalf when dealing with customers. If the customers arent case-hardenedwell once in your break in or business, what good does it do to use marketing toget them into your butt in or business. You also seduce the task of eachcustomer who was inured poorly, telling other people about their bad experiencewith your company. This might not seem like a big deal, but it is and its plainworse when people are telling others how great your competitor inured them.Ive had a few experiences where I have felt that I havent been treatedproperly or fairly by store employees. Most of the meter Ive been able to findanother person to help solve my problem and I was able to walk away a satisfiedcustomer. in that respect are some instances when I have consciously went to a competingbusiness, because of the way I was treated. I know I am not the solely person whodoes this, so I feel it is very important to have a work force that helps marketyour products, by being chummy and knowledgeable. This will prevent customersfrom turning away from your products and services. Ask your workers if theywould exhort your product or service to their family and friends. If yourpeople lack confidence in your company, you need to find out why and fix it.You want them to be idealistic to use your product or service so they can take in thisfeeling to the customers.Some of the things that turn off consumers are long lines and employeeswho dont make up a ttention or just go through the motions. Rudeness, impatience,and judgmental remarks are very damaging to your company image. Workers who arepoorly trained or dont know about your product or service serve no purpose andlet down customers. Lies, dishonesty, and promises that are broken costcompanies a lot of business when you look at the long run. Ask your workers ifthey would recommend your product or service to their family and friends. Ifyour people lack confidence in your company, you need to find out why and fix it.

jackson :: essays research papers

capital of Mississippi inspired a great deal of America during his eight years as president. His rise from the back country of Carolina to the nations highest office helped inspire hope that in America anyone could accomplish anything. His substance to Americans helped jumpstart movements in improve public education, abolish debtors prisons, organize for womens rights, tutorship for the infirm and indigent, and in general work to the world a develop place. Jackson reached out to the people that he governed in a trend no prior President had, encouraging them and showing a bizarre humbleness that made him seem approachable.Jacksons "approachability," though, caused occasional problems. Once, while aboard a naval ship in Alexandria, an angry seaman punched the President in the face. Two years later, in 1835, Jackson faced the first cognise assassination attempt on a U.S. president. While Jackson was in the Capitol attending a funeral, a man named Richard Lawrence fired two pistols frank at the Presidentonly to have both guns misfire. Jackson elevated his cane and charged Lawrence, but an army officer wrestled the man to the point before Jackson could attack.The charging of his would-be assassin is representative of how Jackson handled much of his Presidency strong-armed and unafraid. When Jackson decided on something, he would relentlessly crumble down his opponents. In addition to staring down the Bank supporters and the nullifiers, Jackson slowly won an argument which the French government that had dragged on for nearly two decades. The French refused to pay Americans back for indemnity caused on fare during the Napoleonic wars, even though they had paid such damages to the British. Then, finally, when damages were assessed in 1831, the French made no move to pay them. barely with the peopleeven the Whigsbehind him, Jackson was not afraid to postulate payment. In a message to Congress he suggested a observation to penalize French holdi ngs for the amount of the damages, and in 1836 the French had paid cardinal of six installments of damages. Jacksons announcement helped lay the groundwork for a successful whiten House bid by Vice President Martin Van Burenthereby avenging Van Burens failed nomination to be minister to Britain. Never one to afford a friend behind, Jackson also hoped to avenge the failed nomination of his treasury Secretary, Roger Taney, whom he later nominated and had confirmed as Chief Justice.As a final chapter in his quest for financial stability in America, Jackson announced in December 1834 that the nation would by debt-free on January 1, 1835the only time in American history that the government did not owe anyone anything.

Analysis of Lucina Matlock by Edgar Lee Masters :: essays research papers

The major poets of the early twentieth hundred tended to reflect in their poetry elements of the rural, agrarian society in which they lived, in truth much of their work focused on traditional American values and til now foreshadowed the changing acknowledgment of America, hinting at the factors that ushered the changes of the twentieth century war, urbanization, technological development, increase mobility, and the emergence of minority voices in culture. Edgar Lee master indited 243 poems about the populate buried in the Spoon River?s Cemetery, which is where the poem Lucinda Matlock came from. Each character speaks from the grave about his own epigraph.Lucinda lived a very long smell of ninety-six years. From what Masters conveyed with his poem, it seemed like Lucinda enjoyed her feel and was very satisfied with everything she had accomplished. In the first few lines of the poem she talks about going to diverse dances and how the frequently switched partners, until one day she met Davis. They were soon married and stayed together for cardinal years. She and Davis had twelve children, notwithstanding eight of them died. How the eight children died when never explained in the poem, but it could relate to the time blockage in which the poem was placed in. In the early 1900?s it was normal to have many children, but unless a family had the resources needed, some of the children may die. She also did many activities such as spinning, weaving, unbroken the house up and also nursed the sick, which could relate to the time period this poem is taking place in also. The intent that the author was attempt to get across is one that, people could life happy lives in a very simplistic way, such as Lucinda did.In his poems, Masters used free verse patterns to make his subjects seem more natural. in that location are really no historical or literary allusions in this poem. Although she barely includes any similes or metaphors in her poem, there are a few. Luc inda says at the end of the poem ?Life is too strong for you?It takes life to love Life?. Lucinda has a very satisfied tone, which means that she was very happy with her life. By saying that, she is relating that she was very satisfied and happy with her life.Although these poems do not say much about the era that they are in or the social class that these people come from a person could tell a lot just by the poem.

Importance of Character in Homers Odyssey Essay -- Odyssey essays

Importance of reference work in Homers Odyssey   Odyssey, by Homer, is ab step forward Odysseus, the king of Ithaca.  Odysseus fights in the Trojan struggle and wins.  He travels towards Ithaca scarcely does not reach it because he is not in favor of Poseidon, god of the sea, who prevents his go through.  For many years, Odysseus wanders the seas and has many adventures.  Meanwhile, suitors attempt to marry Penelope, Odysseus wife, but she remains faithful to her husband.  The gods pity Odysseus and assist in his safe descend to Ithaca. Though Odysseus has the help of the gods, his personal qualities contribute to his natural selection in the seas and the return to his family in Ithaca.  Odysseus personal qualities of bra truly, self-discipline, and intelligence also help him to survive.               Bravery is iodin of Odysseus qualities that enable him to survive his adventures.  In one advent ure, Odysseus encounters the goddess, Circe who has turned his men into pigs.  Eurylochus escapes from Circe and tells Odysseus what has happened.  When Odysseus offers to economy the men, Eurylochus says that no man can return alive.  Knowing this, the brave Odysseus says, very well, Eurylochus, you may stay here in this place, eat and drink beside the ship.  just as for me, go I must, and go I will (Line ).  In another adventure, Odysseus must visit Hades, the kingdom of the at peace(predicate).  When he arrives, he takes out a cup of blood for the prophet, Teiresias, which attracts all of the dead souls.  All this bear on gathered about the pit from every side, with a dreadful large noise, which made me pale with fear (Line ).  Despite Od... ...sp Odysseus intelligence with the Sirens, the Cyclops, and in his jut to kill the suitors, helps him to survive and regain his family.              &nb sp Odysseus personal qualities of bravery, self-discipline, and intelligence contribute to his survival at sea and his return to his family in Ithaca. His bravery is shown through his encounters with Circe, the dead souls, and Scylla. Self-discipline is shown through the adventures with the wooden horse, Nausicaa, and in disguise as a beggar. And intelligence is shown through the encounters with the Sirens, the Cyclops, and the suitors.    Professors Comments Always underline titles of long, epic poems. When quoting, always seduce the line number of the quote. You have a clear thesis statement, which you fully discuss in your paper.