An Analysis of the Cinema of Short Films

An Analysis of the Cinema of condensed put downsINTRODUCTION take up as dream, take in as medication. No form of art goes beyond ordinary consciousness as assume does, straight to our emotions, deep into the tumble dwell of the soul. Ingmar Berg fir stiletto heelmCinema is nonp atomic bite 18il of the few mediums which be possessed of earthaged to successfully draw in the true reality of society in general and our lives in particular. As like other art forms, it depicts the multiple realties that angio hug drugsin converting enzyme is faced with. It explores wiz of the most dis machineded yet eternal truths which each individual experiences and that is isolation. each individual longs for tender ties despite belonging to organized societies it is what each one of us is ultimately reduced to.A miserable frivol away is a technical description origin e truly(prenominal)y coined in the Indian word picture persistence and employmentd in the North Ameri foundation mo ving picture industry in the early period of moving-picture show. The description is direct employ almost interchangeably with in bypass issue.Although the North Ameri shadower definition gener wholey refers to films between 20 and 40 minutes, the definition refers to much experience a brush uper films in Europe,Latin America and Australasia. InNew Zealand, for instance, the description send away be utilise to describe any film that has duration yearner than one minute and compendiouser than 15 minutes. The North American definition similarly tends to focus much to a greater extent on character whereas the European and Australasian forms tend to depend much more on visual playing period and p chain reactor twists. In this way, the North American form can be understood to be a derivation of the consume film form, greenly acting as a platform for aspirant Hollywood directors. Elsewhere, soon films tend to work as types for cinematographers and commercial directors. ( gyp convey)A con film art objectages to dissever the like tale as a full distance feature film, nevertheless in a pithyer duration of sequence. It is characterized by the directors manifestation of the existing social, political and sparing conditions. A scant(p)(p) film fib is one which can easily be created by people from all walks of liveness, it has universal applicability. It enables directors functioning on a small budget to tell their stories to the orbit. The talent in creating a short film lies in communication the message of the film to the audience in a very bound period of clock time. The transitions in a short film be of decisive importance. What I find intriguing is how any person imbibes from their existing social conditions and produce work which is effectively communicable to most individuals.A nonher motive to dwell into this topic of research is that numerous youngsters and amateurs take polish off by devising short films and use it as a path to grow. As Daniel Wiernicki states, Short films argon often popular as first steps into the film industry among young filmmakers. This is because they ar cheaper and easier to make, and to a fault their length makes shorts more likely to be watched by financial backers and others who want several(prenominal) face of a filmmakers ability. cosmosy functions can be achieved by creating a short film so are an ideal opportunity to get ac acquaintance and get into the industry. (Wiernicki)Through this dissertation, I aim to explore the human being of short films in the setting of movies which bugger off won the Cannes Short read Palme dOr( frenchPalme dOr du greet mtrage), which is the highest prize presumptuousness to a short film at the Cannes Film fiesta. These short films are a re fall ination of assorted cultures, ideologies, people, religion, economic cathode-ray oscilloscope, and political thoughts and history from crossways the world that come togethe r on one platform and showcase their art.The cinema is not an art which films life the cinema is something between art and life. Unlike painting and literature, the cinema two gives to life and takes from it, and I try to render this concept in my films. normalations and painting both exist as art from the very start the cinema doesnt. Jean- Luc GodardLITERATURE REVIEW passim our history, humans have relished for different forms of expressing themselves. These feelings were in the form of poetry, literature, songs, plays, dancing, etc. films are one of the latest forms of expression that has been adopted by the people around the world to portray their considers on their surroundings, any event, or moment that captivates them and they want to show it to the world. The beauty of the films straightaway is that you can detract from reality and present something beyond the human desire at the same time one can present the acidulated realities of life that some dont cognise clo se to. Films as a medium of communications can be used to spread ones message or military position across the world.History of Cinema (History of Film)The birth of the films happened in 1878, when Eadweard Muybridge recorded a horse running in fast motion using a series of 24 stereoscopic photographic tv photographic cameras. With the development of technology came of the Silent era. work on the 1920s movies were silent, though at times they were accompanied by melodyians, pass away effects, or even commentary at times.1940s to 60s- War and stand War CinemaThe wartime power saw immense change in the cinema as more focus was given to propaganda and patriotic films. Films like degree centigrade White and the Seven Dwarfs and Citizen Cane were pieces of this period.The cold war era brought movies alter with paranoia such as Invading Armies of Evil Aliens and anti-communist movies such as the piece of musicchurian Candidate. The onset of television in the post war era also threatened the cinematic industry as a medium of ceremonial films.During this Period, Asian Cinema specifically saw a golden age. just almost of the greatest masterpieces of the Asian cinema were produced during this period. These include works like Yasujiro OzusTokyo Story(1953),Satyajit RaysThe Apu Trilogy(1955-1959) andThe medicine Room(1958),Kenji MizoguchisUgetsu(1954) andSansho the Bailiff(1954),Raj KapoorsAwaara(1951),Mikio NarusesFloating Clouds(1955),Guru DuttsPyaasa(1957) andKaagaz Ke Phool(1959), and theAkira Kurosawa films Rashomon (1950), Ikiru(1952),Seven Samurai(1954) andThrone of Blood(1957).1970s Post- split upical cinemaThis term is used to describe the period future(a) the decrease of the studio system during the 1950s and 1960s and the end of the production code. During the 1970s, filmmakers increasingly depicted explicit sexual circumscribe and showed gunfight and battle scenes that include graphic images of logical argumenty deaths.The 1980s were filled with movies releasing with sequels like trail Wars, Jaws, and Indiana Jones. The audience also started to watch movies on their VCR at home during this period.1990s to present Contemporary CinemaThe 1990s saw the development of the independent cinema with commercial success. Special effects also ruled during this period as it was macrocosm heavily used by the successful movies of the period like Terminator 2 Judgment Day(1991) andTitanic(1997).During the 2000s, nonsubjective writing style of film reservation also rose as can be seen with the success of movies such as March of the Penguins, and Fahrenheit 9/11. Increase in the problem of digital distribution due to encroachment of copyrights, and piracy also has reached h octonarys during this period.Cinema as a solely during this decade has become more spherical with foreign-words films do gooding popularity in English- directing markets. Films such as City of Gods (Portugese), Lagaan (Hindi), and the Passion of the Christ (Aramaic).Some have set forth the prevailing style of the period as post modern because many contemporary films are apolitical, a diachronic, intertextual, and less tied to the conventions of a single music genre or culture. The transnational circulation and genre hybridity of contemporary films is exemplified by the increasing global popularity of non- English speaking cinema. (Film Studies, 2009)Major Genres of FilmsThey are b alley enough to contain practically any film ever made, although film categories can never be precise. By isolating the various elements in a film and categorizing them in genres, it is possible to easily evaluate a film inside its genre and allow for meaningful comparisons and some judgments on greatness. Films were not in truth subjected to genre analysis by film historians until the 1970s. All films have at least one major genre, although thither are a matter of films that are considered crossbreeds or hybrids with three or four overlapping genre (ors ub-genre) types that identify them. (Dirks)Genres in cinema can broadly be categorised under the following classificationsSettingprisonHistoryFuturisticFantasyWesternWarMoodDramaMelodramaTragedy funniness- dramaRomanceAction- adventureHumor/ ComedySlapstickBlack comedyScrewball comedyAction comedyRomantic comedySuspenseHorrorMysteryThrillerTheme or topicCrimeArt FilmWarScience fictionalEspionageWesternSportsFantasyFilm NoirFormatmedicineal nonsubjectiveLive fulfillAnimationBiographyHISTORY OF footling FILMSShort subject a defecate initially given to Short Films came into existence in the 1910s when the majority of the feature movies were being made into loner run-time editions. The name short subject is an American film industry term, which was assigned to any film within 20 minutes long or running two reels. Short subject films could be comedy, animated, or live action. One of the exceed cognize users of short subject was Laurel and Hardy and Charlie Chaplin.In 1930s came the slowdown of the short subjects, basically produced by Warner Bros and Famous studios that owned their own theatres to showcase the films. By 1995s, the rise of television led to the strangulation of the live action- short and at the same time the fall cartoon short. Since the 1960s, majority of the directors of short films have been special studio projects or independent film makers.Since the 1980s, short film term was being used for short subject. Short film as a term describes the non- commercial film that is much shorter in time length than a feature film/ an analogy that can be drawn for short film to a feature film is that of a novella and a novel.The short filmmakers heavily depend on the short film feasts and art exhibitions to showcase their short films. At the same time, these film makers have more freedom to take up more laborious topics than normal feature films as the risks are lower. Short film making is now a growing as more and more amateurs, students, common man, and enthusiasts are pickings this up because of the affordability of the technology to make such films. At the same time one can showcase his work to the world by uploading it on web portals and sharing it with others. It is an area where people are turning to as a hobby, as an art, to achieve their form expressions. (Wiernicki)THE SHORT FILM FESTIVALSFestival de CannesThe Festival is an apolitical no-mans-land, a microcosm of what the world would be like if people could contact each other directly and speak the same language. Jean CocteauBeing first large international cultural event afterwards the World War II, the Festival de Cannes opened on 20th September, 1946. The Palme dOr was created in 1955. Palme dOr became the enduring symbol of the Cannes Film Festival, faceed each and every year since to the director of the Best Feature Film of the Official Competition.At present, Festival de Cannes invites film makers from around the world to present their work in one place and exc hange cultural experiences. The selections for the awards are done from a nomination of films from all over the world, from different socio-economic backgrounds, different cultures, and different historical backgrounds.Cannes offers an opportunity to determine a particular countrys image of its cinema. Festival de Cannes is a melting pot of global cinema and filmmakers. This is the reason why I have undertaken the subject field of the award winsome short films at fiesta de Cannes.(Festival History)Oscar Short Film allocatesTheAcademy al constituents, also known as theOscars, are presented yearly by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences(AMPAS). The AMPAS recognizes the excellence of professionals in the film industry, including directors, actors, and writers. The1st Academy Awards ceremony was held Thursday, May 16, 1929, at the Hotel RooseveltinHollywoodto honor slap-up film achievements of 1927 and 1928. Since 2002, the awards have been broadcast from the Kodak The atre.The formal ceremony at which the awards are presented is one of the most prominent award ceremonies in the world. It is also the oldest award ceremony in the media, and many other award ceremonies such as theGrammy Awards(for music), Golden Globe Awards(all forms of visual media), and Emmy Awards(for television) are often modeled from the Academy.The Oscar Award is given to Short Films with entries from across the world due its prestige gnarly with the award. The Oscar Awards are given to Short Films in three categories within the Short Film phratry. These categories areBest Animated Short Film AwardBest Documentary Short Subject AwardBest Live Action Short FilmSundance Film FestivalTheSundance Film Festival takes place annually in the state of Utah, in theUnited States. It is the largest independent cinema festival in the U.S.Held every year in January inPark City, Salt Lake City, and Ogden, as well as theSundance Resort, the festival is the premier showcase for the new work of arts from across the world of independent filmmakers. The festival comprises of competitive sections for world over dramatic and documentary films, both feature-length films and short films, and a group of non-competitive showcase sections.Initially the Festival was a low- profile venue for small-budget, independent directors from outside the Hollywood. at one time it has changed to a media extravaganza for Hollywood celebrity actors, directors, and luxury lounges set up by companies that are not affiliated with Sundance. The Sundance Festival has tried to change these activities in recent times, rootage from 2007 with their Focus on Film campaign.From 2009 onwards some changes were made to the Sundance Film Festival. Some of the changes made include a new programming category called NEXT for extremely low-budget films, and the Sundance Film Festival U.S.A. program, in which eight of the festivals films give be shown in eight theaters around the country, a very good initiati ve as more people will get access to the films that only few selected audience gets.Sundance over time has shown is credibleness as being the international festival for feature length and short- films. It is now recognized the world over as one of the important festivals to look for each year. It sboulder clay has a long way to go till it reaches the level of Cannes Film Festival and Oscars.Aspen FilmfestAspen Filmfest began in 1979 in Aspen, Colorado, USA. The Aspen Film organizes a major movie event every season, contributing to an extensive direction program, and hosts of numerous special presentations. Each year, some 30,000 people participate in this festival.Aspen Filmfest believes in the philosophy of striving to en dispiriten, enrich, educate, and entertain audience through the films. Aspen Filmfest is known for its commitment to original content. They screen more than 200 films each year, which are regional debuts and might not be available to the local audiences.The Aspe n short film festival receives entry not only from US but from world over. in that respect is also a special award given in collaboration with BAFTA/ LA giving it affiliation with BAFTA awards and also believability but with the American perspective summariseed to it.KNOWLEDGE GAPLooking at the current literature review, we see that in that respect is a knowledge infract regarding the study of Short Films in the contemporary cinema as a communication medium. This subject requires an in-depth analysis and more research to come up with some perspectives in this area. research OBJECTIVES1. To analyze the Form of award sweet Short Films taken from a randomized selection, from contemporary cinema (last ten years), from Short Film Festivals held between 2000- 2009 Cannes Palme dOr du court mtrage, Oscar Short Film Award, Aspen Filmfest Award, and Sundance Short Film Awards, and analyse the form of Short films.2. To analyse the glut of the award attractive Short Films in context o f political, sociological, economical, and historical backgrounds. research METHODOLOGYThe Qualitative research modeology is used in this study. The method would involve analyses of the form and content of the Short Films.The SampleThe award winning Short Films taken from a randomized selection, from reputed Short Film Festivals held across the world between 2000- 2009. These festivals are Cannes Palme dOr du court mtrage, Oscar Short Film Award, Aspen Filmfest Award, and Sundance Short Film Awards.The following Short Films have been selected for the study1. word picture GridlockDirector Dirk Belin rural BelgiumAward Oscar best live action short film, 2003 Aspen Shorts fest, 20022. icon StrangersDirector Guy Nattiv and Erez TadmorCountry IsraelAward Aspen Shorts fest, 2003 Sundance Film Festival, 20033. Movie Ver LloverDirector Elisa MillerCountry MexicoAward Cannes Film Festival, 20074. Movie SnifferDirector Bobbie PeersCountry NorwayAwards Cannes Film Festival, 20095. Movie Okt apodiDirector Julien Bocabeille, Franois-Xavier Chanioux, Olivier Delabarre, Thierry Marchand , Quentin Marmier and Emud MokhberiCountry FranceAwards Oscar best animated shorts winner, 20076. Movie bird of passageDirector Nash EdgertonCountry AustraliaAward Aspen shorts fest, 2007 Sundance Film Festival, 2007Why the above Sample?The above following sample has been chosen for the reason being that the Festival de Cannes(le Festival de Cannes), Oscars, Aspen Filmfest, and Sundance Film Festival, are one of the worlds oldest, finest and most reputable film festivals which have a very good representation of directors from across the world from different cultural, political, historical, religious, economical, and sociological backgrounds. This provides us with a variety of content for our study. The above movies are selected also on the basis of them being a part of contemporary cinema.How to Study Short FilmsSome of the salient ushers/ questions that will be used to do this study of short films are as follows1. Who is telling the story? Why is it being told? Does it appear to have a purpose?(media agencies, authorial voice, writers and auteurs, marketing, economics, ideology)2. How is it experienced? Who consumes it, where and in what way?(readers and media audiences- private and public experience, narrative structures)3. How is it made?(film technology, publishing and episodic publishing-the differences they make to the production address as well as to the finished product)4. How does it construct meaning?(film language and written language-expectations of audiences and readers, codes and conventions, narrative structures)5. How does it represent its subject- especially with reference to period?(representation, use of stereotypes, representation of the past)(FILM STUDY GUIDE FOR TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD, 2003)6.Three ways of Thinking Talking About Films (Wilder, 1997)Literary AspectsDramatic AspectsCinematic AspectsWho are the characters in the film?Did the a ctors make you forget they were acting? How?What vivid visual images did you note? What did they make you feel or think nearly?What is the films context?Were costumes, make-up, and set equally important to the success of the film?What efficaciouss or music do you remember? What did they make you feel or think about?What are the main plot elements?In what scene was an actors voice (pitch, volume, expression) particularly effective?What scenes can you understand even without dialogue? Why?From whose point of view is the story told?Select a scene that must have been difficult to act. How did the actor make his or her body movements appropriate and convert?What scene has very effective or unusual editing?What is the head of the film?Describe a scene in which facial nerve expression was important. What feelings were developed? Were words necessary?If the film uses special effects, do they add to or detract from your enjoyment of the film?What is the mood of the film?Did the actors put together their characters more through dialogue or through movement and facial expressions?.What symbols did you notice?How is this film like or unlike other films by the director? Does this director have a recognizable style?..Was there anything about the acting, set, or costumes that bothered you or interfered with your watching of the film?LIMITATIONS OF RESEARCH1. The selection of the short films could have been broader and incorporated from more film festivals from across the world.2. More methods like semiotics could have been used for the analysis of the short films.3. Difficulty in access to short film movies from across the world and across film festivals. This includes difficulty in procuring even the award winning short films.EXPECTED CONTRIBUTIONGiven that the art of making Short Films is on the upward trend it is necessary to analyze the current trends, narratives, and the context of the Short Films genre in our contemporary cinema. We have enough knowledge on feat ure length movies but we lack information on the Short Films of our age. The study of this medium is important as Short films are a highly effective medium of communication and will gain importance going forward. As more and more people are turning towards Short Film making due to accessibility to technology, it is one field that needs attention in our world of cinema. A study of its content will give us a better sagaciousness of the Short Films and world around us through their camera mount is imperative.EXPLORING THE SHORT FILMSMovie GridlockDirector Dirk BelinCountry BelgiumAward Oscar best live action short film, 2003 Aspen Shorts fest, 2002THE STORYBOARDThe short film starts off with light summery music with nothing clear on the camera but a blur. Slowly the camera gets into focus and we see that it is headlight of the car. The music playing in the background is singing about a sunny day but when the camera gets into focus we realize that it is snowing heavily. The camera s o moves up the across the bonnet of the car to focus on the man sitting inside the car. The man looks like in his forties, denuded (looks like his style not natural), sporting a little cop under the lower lip, wearing a suit, light blue shirt, with a blue tie, and spectacles. The radio becomes audible now and the music stops on the radio and the news start. The lady on the radio news tells about the traffic jam that there is on the road Antwerp- Ghent. The man listens to it and so switches it off by cursing at it and saying yes, I can see that. Stupid Bitch. At this scene the camera is focusing on the scene that it visible from the front window of the car portraying lot of snow and jam. The man in the car seems very annoyed with the jam. He starts cursing the people who are working on clearing the road inside the car only. As the man is in the process of taking out his medicines an ambulance whizzes past his car with its loud siren at which the man freaks out and curses Jesus Chr ist Assholes the man past takes his medicines and breathes heavily after that for first few breathes and then relaxes. He looks into his watch for time. The camera all this time is placed right behind the steering wheel dashboard. Now it moves to the side passenger seat in the front where a freshly bought expeditious ear head name lies inside its open box.The man says to himself loudly, Lets see if this thing is as good as the guy said. He dials a number. There is honking of a car from behind which annoys him again and he shouts inside the car only at the person in the car behind and starts ride with the phone between his shoulder blade and right ear. The car stops. The phone rings in some home where the camera is focusing on the table with the phone and a Japanese sword also there on the stand. The table is placed right on the side of the woody staircase leading to the higher floors. A chair in the background with a lamp to its side comes in the blur of the camera. The phone rings. We uplift a television noise in the background and at the same time a lady friend suddenly gets up from behind the table. The young woman seems about 5 years in age with golden hair knotty into two little buns on the head holding a doll with long hair which is tied into two pony go after and wearing a red frock. The daughterfriend picks up the phone and the following conversation happens with the camera shifting to the scene of the person talking from the same angle as it was before. missy hello humanness hey, honey, its public address system. little missy daddy? bit yes honey, its daddy.Girl Hi daddy.Man sweetie, is mommy there?Girl no, daddy, mommys upstairs(As the young lady is talking on the phone she starts moving towards the posture to keep her doll in it. In the process the phone waterfall from the table and the man couldnt hear the upstairs)Man honey? Hello, what did you say?Girl helloMan say, sweetie, is mommy there?Girl mommys upstairs in the bedroom with uncle Wim.(The girl is playing with the wire of the phone as she says this. On hearing this the man starts stuttering a bit and is totally flabbergasted)Man uncle Wim? hardly we dont have an uncle Wim, sweetie.Girl yes we do. Mommys upstairs with uncle Wim.(On hearing this, the man gets restless and doesnt know what to say. The girl keeps calling him daddy on the phone. The camera focuses on his lips.)Man honey, I want you to do something for meThe camera then focuses on the girl as the man explains the girl what to do. She stands in one place auditory modality intently and not moving a bit. The television noise is settle down there in the background. The camera moves around the girl slowly, withdrawing back from the girl. The girl leaves the phone receiver on the table and walks up the stair. The camera shifts to the man in the car who is very restless and takes one more round of his pills. The man still holding the phone to his ear is waiting for the girl to get back on the pho ne. The restlessness is still there as he keeps moving his hand over his head and breathing heavily. The girl comes down from the stairs. The girl picks up the phone.Girl hello daddy?Man what happened?The camera shifts to a room upstairs with the door bolted. The girl walks in the frame from behind and goes by the door. She hears moans and groans of her sustain inside the room when she puts her ear against the door.Girl I went upstairs and knocked on the door, like you asked me to.The girl knocks on the door and then calls mommy, mommy, but she only hears the moans getting louder. Then she says, I heard daddys car. Hes home. The door opens and a nude woman screams at the girl and then runs away into the corridor into the hindquarters. Then the camera pans towards the bedroom. An obese man there was wearing his pants in a hurry and looking at the girl in her eyes. He had spiked hair and a French beard. Fear was there in his eyes. Now we hear background sound of the girl talking on the phone explaining what she saw and happened as the camera moves with the girl in what she had just done while she was gone and phone receiver was on the table. At the same time there is light music that comes in as the girl runs towards the noise she heard and the music becomes much louder as the girl sees her mother lying on the whoremaster floor dead. The girl starts rolling her finger in her hair.Girl and she ran into the bathroom and fell on the floor and I think she is dead.The camera shifts to the man in the car.Man dead? No, no, no.The man seems to get panic-struck and starts moving his hand over his bald head in tension.Man and uncle Wim?The camera shifts to the girl sitting by her mother and uncle Wim in the background. When the girl looks at him, he shuffles his steps a bit and runs. Then we hear a noise of a glass breaking. The girl moves to the other roomGirl hes hurt too.Then the camera follows her to another room. She walks past some broken pieces of glass with bl ood around them.Girl there was blood on the floor.Man blood?Girl uncle Wim wasnt there anymore.The camera gives a shot of an open window with white curtains fluttering with the snowfall outside. The view is that of a night and barren trees silhouette in the background. The camera then moves to the window and shifts slowly towards the area below the window where a normal of a man is there flat on the ground and no movement. The music is getting grimmer but still lighter in the long suit of its sound.Girl and I looked down and I think hes dead. In the fluid mob.Man Swimming pool? Swimming pool? What swimming pool?The man looks stunned and moves his mobile phone from his ear. He looks at the number on the mobile phone after hearing the swimming pool. And then he realizes the number he has dialed. A car honks at the back.Man holy shitGirl daddy?FORMThe movie has a very serious and frustrated mood in the beginning which is betrayed by the opening song which makes it sound nice and jol ly. The movie focuses a lot on the close shots when the characters are talking. The movement of the camera is usually when there is no speech taking place. For example, when the man talks its focused on his face or his lips. When the phone was ringing the camera stayed on the phone till the little girl came into the scene. During the flashback the speed of the scenes goes in slow-motion and all the shots are from a stationary place. The camera just follows from where it is rather than moving with the characters.Throughout the movie the sounds of the natural surroundings are used. The music is only used once the little girl starts explaining what all happened after she did what he had told her to do. The music comes in for the back flash part of the short film. The music used is also very grim and gothic type. The music gets louder when the death of the mother is shown and church bells for both the mother and uncle Wim. Once the man realizes that it is a hurt number that he has dial ed, the music stops playing in the background.Music and the slowing of the scenes happen only in the flashback. While in the present scenario natural surrounding sounds are used with more focus on close shots.CONTENTThe short film was made in 2001 when the mobile phones were just growing in the world. So we see an upper class man, as he is driving a Mercedes car and his looks are that of a business man or such other job. What we see in the film is how a wrong connection