Child abuse and neglect Essay

INTRODUCTIONChild exclaim and ignore can produce near and long-lasting damage. The range of actions classified as barbarian ill- cut through or neglect is constantly changing as a result of fond and economic conditions, political ideology, advances in medicine, improvework forcets in communication and melding of cultures. Today, peasant cry and neglect is widely recognized as a major social problem and policy issue throughout much of the world. During the last 50 historic period, the United States and earthy of the worlds nations befuddle responded to baby bird subvert and neglect with legislative efforts, a variety of programs and interventions, and organizational efforts to identify, respond to and counteract the abuse and neglect of dependent infantren. Today, there argon innumerable local, home(a) and international organizations, professional societies and advocacy groups devoted to preventing and tr consume child abuse and neglect. importee of the StudyOne case related to child abuse and neglect is paedophilia. pedophilia affects children of a plastered switch on and inside a certain age, usu every last(predicate)y under the age of 15 or 16 geezerhood. near paedophiles atomic number 18 non violent toward children, instead leading and enticing children to volition in ally perform trip outual acts, although some atomic number 18 violent to the point of pamper and murder. In 1974, the Child Abuse prevention and Treatment act was passed which civilize into accounts federal official funding at the state level for prevention and response to child abuse. With this act, m any states strengthened their response to child abuse and established child statutes in which p atomic number 18nts may be prosecuted for abusing their children. Regardless of the legal response on paedophilia, it is clear that much cases never comes to the attention of the criminal justice placement and is, unfortunately, never dealt with. This sober and ale rting case should be fully characterized and silent for the good of the concerned children, especially the adolescents.What is Phedophilia?As a medical diagnosis, pedophilia is typically defined as a psychiatric rowdiness in adults or late adolescents characterized by a primary or scoop shovel familiar interest in prepubescent children ( generally age 13 years or younger). In contemporary Western societies, the subject is highly contentious and fraught with strong feelings. The strength of the feelings is readily explained by concern for the offbeat of the children and for their healthy, unimpeded development. The child must be at least flipper years younger in the case of adolescent paedophiles. heretofore, the term paedophile is a lottimes used to refer to any adult who is innerly attracted to males or females below the legal age of consent.While there is considerable mental and sociological literature about pedophilia, philosophers working on the philosophy of fetch up obligate given relatively small(a) attention to the subject. As pedophilia is seen as a paradigmatic case of cozy perversion and is generally viewed with strong moral revulsion, it might have been expected to gene appraise to a greater extent philosophical interest. Experts retrieve that roughly paedophiles argon males. Some female adults are familiarly attracted to boys or girls, but these children are usually at or beyond the age of puberty. Some ms, however, females familiarly abuse children in concert with males, or they will knowingly allow males to abuse their portion out children or former(a) children.This is to a greater extent likely to occur if the women are abusing drugs and/or inebriant. pedophiles may cogitate that their mien is normal and that it helps t from each one children how to become loving and affectionate. Such individuals lift much(prenominal) words as pedophilia, preferring to use much(prenominal) terms as adult-child versed practice. T hey believe that former(a)s who do non understand their look are unreasonably rigid. Some organizations of pedophiles claim large memberships and actively support the practice of pedophilia. Pedophiles may fail to consider the short- or long-term consequences of their actions for example, in one case, a pedophile was told by a child whom he had met on the profits that her mother was a police officer, yet he molested the girl anyway. intimately studies of pedophilia are performed on people in jail or prison, and it is in addition true that many acts of this are never reported.Ephebophilia Its OppositeEphebophilia is a variety of male homo familiarity. Ephebophiles are attracted to post-pubertal, intimately mature youngs. They are wakeually attracted to the fully developed, vigorous maleness of adolescence. In the narrow sense, pedophilia refers unaccompanied to sexual attraction of adults to pre-pubescent and sex with them. When the term is used in this sense, ephebophil ia is not included as one of pedophilias varieties, but sooner distinguished from it, the end of puberty providing the line of demarcation.Characteristics of PedophilesPedophiles are age and sex specific. They will normally prefer children of a certain sex and within a certain age. Child molesters fall into several categories. One is the fixated pedophile who never moves beyond the attraction he or she mat for children when he or she was a child. The regressed pedophile often turns to children in response to nerve-wracking life events. Although most pedophiles do not physically harm children, the mysoped organizes the ritual connection between fatal sexual violence and personal gratification. The sadistic pedophile abducts children for the purpose of torturing and eventually killing them to achieve sexual gratification. Pedophiles come from a variety of backgrounds. Some are well educated, maculation others are illite enumerate. Many were not close to their fathers, and many ca me from homes where alcohol was a problem for at least one parent (usually the father). Pedophiles often have weak verbal skills, and almost 9 out of 10 felt particularly close to their mothers.The short size of the child provides the pedophile with an probability to exert power and authority. At the same time, the sex of the child has little to do with the adult sexual orientation of the molester. For example, a male pedophile may be very interested in sex with boys ages 9 or 10 years old, but at the same time be married and consider himself homosexual. Around 80% have been record as having a history of childhood sexual abuse. The pedophile is cognise to the child in 90% of cases, 15% or more are relatives of the victim. Homosexual pedophilia does not differ from heterosexual pedophilia. Research on the victim points out that most are female and the molester is usually known. However when a male is the victim, the molester may be a stranger. The degree of the pedophilia sexual act can vary ranging from simply observing the child, to touching, undressing, exposing of own privates, fondling, and sexual intercourse.II. CAUSES OF pedophiliaThe mothers of pedophilia that have been researched remain unclear. It has been suggested that the pedophilia represents a regression or fixing at an earlier level of sexual development which resulted in an adult repetitive pattern of opposed sexual behavior. Therefore, it is suggested that the pedophile returns to a sexual habit that was developed early in life. It is also theorized that the pedophile is expressing revenge regarding a childhood trauma. It is also utter that pedophilia is caused by a pleasurable sexual arousal to learned objects.The following are identified as possible causes of pedophilia1. agnatic punishment of a small boy for sustaining an erection2. Sexual abuse of a young male3. Fear of sexual performance or intimacy4. Psychosexual trauma5. Socio-cultural and/or psychological factors6. Excessive alcohol intakePrevious studies have shown that same-sex child molester is higher than opposite-sex offenders, with offenders against boys world at a higher risk for delinquency, compared to offenders against boys. The number of prior disgusts and the intensity of the fixation on children as sexual objects are factors that predict abuse. Another schooling was done over 111 child molesters.Child molesters included same-sex, opposite-sex, and mixed groups all responded to stimuli of specific ages and sexes. Findings showed that the degree of sexual reoccupation with children, paraphilia, and number of prior sexual offences were predictors of sexual delinquency. The causes of pedophilia are unknown, but most scientists believe that conditioning in one form or another is involved. The motivation/ learning assume can account for the development of pedophilia and can explain its dispersal over the life span.A Person to be Declared as PedophileThe diagnosed criteria for a pedophile a re as follows1. Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors including sexual activity with a prepubescent child or children (generally age 13 years or younger) 2. The person has acted on these sexual urges, or the sexual urges or fantasies cause marked di melodic line or interpersonal difficulty 3. The person is at least 16 years of age and at least 5 years older than the child or children molestedIII. EFFECTS OF PEDOPHILIAThe effect of pedophilia to an individual, especially to those who are at a young age, include initial fear, anxiety, depression, anger, aggression and sexually inappropriate behavior. Boys have the same patterns of distress as girls, with symptoms such(prenominal)(prenominal) as fears, sleep disturbances, and distractedness however, boys tend to be less symptomatic than girls. Additional long-term consequences include unsafe behavior, isolation, low self-esteem, trust issues, substance abuse, an d sexual problems. sight who have a history of childhood sexual abuse have increased rates of depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, and alcohol and drug abuse. There is often an increase in psychological medicine among victims of childhood sexual abuse and this psychological medicine is manifested at times in the form of pedophilia or other inappropriate behaviors with young children. Victims of childhood sexual abuse are more likely than nonvictims of that abuse to manifest sexual hyper-arousal and sexually aggressive behavior with a tendency to repeat and reenact sexual developments as adults. fleshly DamageInjuryDepending on the age and size of the child, and the degree of hurl used, pedophilia may cause internal lacerations and bleeding. In severe cases, damage to internal organs may occur, which, in some cases, may cause death. Herman-Giddens found six certain and six probable cases of death overdue to child sexual abuse in North Carolina between 1985 and 1994. The victi ms ranged in age from 2 months to 10 years. Causes of death included trauma to the genitalia or rectum and sexual mutilation.InfectionsPedophile acts may cause infections and sexually transmissible diseases. Depending on the age of the child, due to a lack of sufficient vaginal fluid, chances of infections are higher. Vaginitis has also been reported.Neurological DamageResearch has shown that traumatic stress, including stress caused by sexual abuse, causes notable changes in brain functioning and development. A study was done on women who took sit down and it was found that the self-reported math pedant Aptitude Test wads of the sample of women with a history of retell sexual abuse were significantly lower than the self-reported math SAT scores of the non-abused sample. Because the abused subjects verbal SAT scores were high, it was hypothesized that the low math SAT scores could stem from a defect in hemispheric integration. A strong association between short term memory impa irments for all categories tested (verbal, visual, and global) and the duration of the abuse was also found.Psychological Damage paedophilia can result in both short-term and long-term harm, including psychopathology in later life. Psychological, emotional, physical, and social effects include depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, eating disorders, poor self-esteem, dissociative and anxiety disorders general psychological distress and disorders such as somatization, neurosis, chronic pain, sexualized behavior, school/learning problems and behavior problems including substance abuse, self-destructive behavior, animal cruelty, crime in adulthood and the worst, suicide. Long term disallow effects on development leading to repeated or excess victimization in adulthood are also associated with child sexual abuse.There are two contrasting adaptive styles in sexual abuse victims. One adaption strategy seeks mastery through active repeating of the trauma, while the other ad aption copes by avoiding sexual stimuli. Victims of childhood sexual abuse may exhibit mood disorders including chronic anxiety, depression, delayed post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety attacks, and hysterical symptoms. Victims of sexual abuse may also perplex difficulties in intimate relationships and express a sense of alienation, isolation, stigmatization, and a negatively charged self-image. There is a wide variety of psychological conditions that have been documented in sexually abused children, with a higher-than-average tendency toward repetition of both being victimized at the hands of an adult or victimization of children.Arguments that Aroused about PedophiliaIn our type of society, pedophile sex is considered both a moral offense and a crime that deserves a truly, serious punishment. There are two further arguments against pedophilia throne both its moral disapprobation and legal prohibition. First, sex with minors is maltreat because it is non-consensual s econd, it is harmful to those who are concerned. Both of these arguments have been questioned throughout time. Now, lets look on the way a pedophile is conceived by the public. The pedophile is often visualized as a dirty old man, a stranger to his victims, who forces himself on children and has a matured sexual intercourse, consequently putting them through a frightening and painful experience and inflicting serious and long-term damages on them.The drastic effects of the cases explain wherefore pedophiles are usually called child molesters, and why pedophilia seems to be the most hated of all the sexual variations. What is true is that most pedophiles are men but the majority is young or middle-aged. More often than not, they are not strangers they are likely to be a family, neighbor, or other adults that are known to the victim. The harmful effects of pedophilia on a childs sexual, emotional and personality development are sleek over a matter of researches and debates rather t han an authorized fact.IV. EXAMPLES OF CASES CONCERNING PEDOPHILIA* A 65-year-old youth minister of the First Baptist Church from Sinton, Texas who admitted to molesting a 6-year-old girl shocked a congregation of followers. The story saw this pedophilic Baptist minister through his 37-year jail sentence. I then hooked my thumbs in her waist, the minister said, and put my hands over her groin area, on the outside of her clothing. The archetypical couple of times, she did not tell anything, the minister continued. She was more interested in driving. But the second time, when I told her we needed to go home, and she slid over to the passenger seat, the look on her demonstrate killed my soul. I felt great remorse for having taken advantage of this child.* A glam-rocker Gary Glitter was convicted of possessing child pornography, but actual child abuse allegations against him were disregard because his accuser had sold her story in a newspaper. Glitter seems to be a prime example of the predatory pedophile, continually unrepentant, even after difference 27 months of imprisonment in Vietnam for offences against two girls he claimed he was training English, after already being permanently barred from Cambodia in 2002 for sex allegations. This case had led for actions to remove passports from sex offenders.* February 11, 2011 Laval police handled one of the biggest cyber pedophile cases. Sandro Tasillo, 26, is linked to internet sex crimes involving 30 young girls. Police consecrate Tasillo would roam for underage victims on Facebook. He would offer girls coin to take off their clothes in front of a webcam. But the money was never delivered, and the photos of the girls were often sold to other pedophiles. Tasillo was formally charged at the Laval courthouse. He faces a total of 40 sex charges. Police believe the 30 victims who have come forward are just the apex of the iceberg. Police are asking other potential victims to contact them as soon as possible. Th e investigation is still ongoing.V. TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF PEDOPHILIATreatment for pedophilia emerged as a means to prevent child molestation or as a way to reduce sexual deterioration. That is, pedophilia is treated either when a person wants to remedy his pedophile tendencies, or when a person has committed a sexual offense against a child and his pedophilic interests addressed to reduce sexual deterioration. This combines preference-based treatment with programs designed to manage other criminogenic needs.Treatment would change factors known to be related to sex offending. Improvement of these factors would correlate highly and negatively with recidivism. Progress in treatment technology would be reflected in greater reductions in sexual deterioration over time. Treatment outcome studies using random assigning would show greater effect, and better-implemented programs would be more successful.In the earliest stages of behavior modification therapy, pedophiles may be narrowl y viewed as being attracted to inappropriate persons. Such aversive stimuli as electric shocks have been administered to persons undergoing therapy for pedophilia. This approach has not been very successful. Another common form of treatment for pedophilia is psychotherapy, often of many years duration. It does not have a high rate of success in inducing pedophiles to change their behavior. Pedophilia may also be treated with medications. The three classes of medications most often used to treat pedophilia are female endocrine glands, particularly medroxyprogesterone acetate, or MPA luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists, which include such drugs as triptorelin, leuprolide acetate, and goserelin acetate and anti-androgens, which block the uptake and metabolism of testosterone as well as reducing blood levels of this hormone.Most clinical studies of these drugs have been done in Germany, where the legal system has allowed their use in treating repeat sexual offenders s ince the 1970s. The anti-androgens in particular have been shown to be efficacious in reducing the rate of recidivism. Making the molester impotent is sometimes offered as a treatment to pedophiles who are repeat offenders or who have pleaded wrong to violent rape. Increasingly, pedophiles are being prosecuted under criminal statutes and being sentenced to prison terms. Imprisonment removes them from society for a period of time but does not usually remove their pedophilic tendencies. Many countries have begun to publish the names of persons being released from prison after serving time for pedophilia. Legal challenges to this practice are pending in various authorities. Some recommendations for the treatment of pedophilia are the following1. Risk assessment using a well-supported measure2. knowledge of the client, his spouse or partner, family members and close friends 3. Behavioral treatments targeting pedophilic sexual arousal 4. monitor of pedophilic clients in terms of acces s to child pornography, unsupervised contacts with children, and potential disinhibitors such as alcohol or drug use 5. Drug treatments targeting sex drive for higher-risk individuals 6. Cognitive-behavioral and behavioral treatments targeting general risk factors for criminal behavior such as antisocial attitudes and beliefs, association with antisocial peers, and substance abusePreventionThe main method for preventing pedophilia is avoiding situations that may promote pedophilic acts. Children should never be allowed to engage in one-on-one situations with any adult other than their parents or trustworthy family members. Having another youth or adult as an perceiver provides some security for those who are concerned. Conferences and other activities can be conducted to provide privacy while still within sight of others. Children should be taught to outcry or run if they are faced with an uncomfortable situation.They should also be taught that it is acceptable to scream or call fo r help in such situations. Another basis of preventing pedophilia is education. Children must be taught to avoid situations that make them defenseless to pedophiles. Adults who work with youth must be taught to avoid situations that may promote pedophilia. Many states have adopted legislation that requires background investigations of any adult who works with children. These persons may be paid, such as teachers, or they may be volunteers in a youth-serving organization.VI. CONCLUSIONIt is very unvarnished that pedophilia is a serious problem of many countries. The alarming rate of pedophile cases must serve as an eye fan outer to our government, for them to take a serious look and enforce laws that give legal punishment to those who are proven guilty of this crime. Our justice system must be on its track to convict the culprit. Everyone should be responsible in manipulation this horrible crime.Laws against child abuse and neglect should be strengthened and each one of us should be informed about the terrible effects that this crime would cause. But, let us not only put the blackjack to the government in solving this problem. We, in our own families, should be the first to take extra care to our own selves. Our family should be strong and open communication should be observed for the better.Help each other to shelter our youth, because as the saying goes, The youth is the hope of our Fatherland.B I B L I O G R A P H YAmerican psychiatrical Association. Profile of a Pedophile. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Arlington, regular army American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., 2006. Clark, Robin. et al. The Encyclopedia of Child Abuse. New York Infobase Publishing, 1998. Flisk, Dr. Reverend Louden-Hans. Sexual Abuse. Father, provide Us from Evil. USA By the Author, 2004. Gabbard, Glen. Summary and Recommendations on Psychological Treatments. Gabbards Treatments of Psychiatric Disorders. USA American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., 2007. Gr eenberg, Jerrold. et al. The Pedophiliac. Exploring the Dimensions of Human Sexuality. Canada Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2011. Laws, D. Richard and ODonohue, William. Pedophilia Treatment. Sexual Deviance Theory, Assessment, and Treatment. USA The Guilford Press, 2008. Murray, David. The Homosexualization of Pedophilia. Homophobias lustfulness and Loathing across Time and Space. USA Duke University Press, 2009. Primoratz, Igor. Whats wrong with Pedophilia?. Ethics and Sex. London Routledge, 1999. Soble, Alan. Pedophilia. Sex from Plato to Paglia A Philosophical Encyclopedia. USA Greenwood Press, 2006. Vito, Gennaro. et al. The Criminal Justice Response. Criminology Theory, Research and Policy. Canada Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc., 2007. Internet Sourcesen.wikipedia.orgwww.medicinenet.comwww.minddisorders.com